Prognostics factors, molecular markers, and predictive tools in upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare disease. Thus, little evidence-based data are available to guide clinical decision-making. The aim of the study was to provide an overview of the currently available prognostic factors for UTUC. A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed databases to identify original articles regarding prognostic factors in patients with UTUC. We divided the prognostic factors for UTUC in four different categories: clinical factors, preoperative characteristics, intraoperative/surgical factors, and postoperative/pathologic factors. Prognostic factors described in order of importance are tumor stage and grade, lymph node involvement, a concomitantcis, age at the diagnostic, lymphovascular invasion, tumor architecture and necrosis, tumor location and multifocality, gender. The impact of obesity, smoking, and other comorbidities (ECOG, ASA) on outcomes has been recently reported but needs to be validated. The endoscopic approach of distal ureter management during radical nephroureterectomy has been shown to be at higher risk of bladder recurrence. The incorporation of such prognosticators into clinical prediction models might help to guide decision-making with regard to timing of surveillance, type of treatment, performance of lymphadenectomy, and consideration of neoadjuvant or adjuvant systemic therapies