Survey of veterinarians in the Netherlands on antimicrobial use for surgical prophylaxis in dairy practice

There is increased concern about the selection pressure of antimicrobial use (AMU) in humans as well in farm animals resulting in antimicrobial (AM) resistance. The introduction of monitoring of AMU in food-producing animals since 2011 has led to a considerable quantitative reduction of AMU in those animal species in the Netherlands. This survey was conducted to explore the possibilities to improve prudent use of AM in the cattle industry. We sent an online questionnaire to 373 veterinarians and asked which antimicrobial prophylaxis they used for their most recently performed cesarean section (CS) and left displaced abomasum (LDA) correction. With a response rate of 30%, we found that older graduates used more AM for CS than recently graduated veterinarians (odds ratio = 2.4 to 2.7 depending on category), whereas antimicrobial prophylaxis in LDA surgeries was significantly different for the available surgical correction methods. The results indicate that the respondents do not adjust the surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis for different conditions of the patient or the environment; 37 (38%) respondents consider that the risks of contamination are similar for CS and LDA. In CS and all LDA correction methods preoperative prophylaxis was significantly less often applied than postoperative antimicrobial treatments (odds ratio = 0.05 and 0.08, respectively). When preoperative prophylaxis was applied, the choice of (combinations of) the AM and the timing of administration were not adequate at the start of the surgical procedure (88% for CS and 90% for LDA). We conclude that considerable qualitative (timing, choice of antimicrobial, route of administration) and quantitative (limit AMU to indicated procedures) improvement on antimicrobial prophylaxis for CS and LDA is possible by appreciation of the risks of the type of surgery (CS, LDA) and its conditions as well as by selecting classes of AM and timing and routes of administration that result in effective drug concentrations at the start of the procedure