The role of spatial abilities and self-assessments in cardinal point orientation across the lifespan

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between age, spatial abilities, spatial self-assessments, working memory (WM) and environment knowledge, through an orientation task based on pointing in cardinal directions, across the adult lifespan using the structural equationmodeling (SEM) approach. A group of 450 people from 20 to 91 years oldwas asked to point in the direction of cardinal points and to complete a set of spatial tasks, spatial questionnaires andWMmeasures. Results showed that, while spatial abilities and positive self-assessments mediated the influence of age on the ability to identify cardinal points,WMaccounted for the age-related variance in spatial abilities and positive self-assessments. Age also had a direct influence on both positive and negative selfassessments. These findings indicate that both spatial cognitive abilities and spatial self-assessments have a crucial role in mediating the age effect on a measure of environment orientation