Jacques Delors, the End of the Cold War and the EU Democratic Deficit

The present work focuses on the role played by Jacques Delors, who held the presidency of the European Commission between 1985 and 1995, in fostering public attention to the question of the so-called democratic deficit of the European Union (EU). It argues that Delors's involvement in this question was a direct consequence of his post-1989 view of European integration as a "collective" project, that is, a political enterprise based on the direct consensus and involvement of its citizens. This perspective was shaped by the reconfiguration of the role of the European Community in the post-Cold War European scenario and by the impact that "democratic" transitions in Central and Eastern Europe had on the Community itself. As an advocate of a "collective" Europe, Delors criticised the Maastricht Treaty for its failure to push towards political integration, publicly disputing the democratic character of the EU since its very inception