REAL SECURITY IN ROMAN AND MODERN LAW

Predmet ovog rada je analiziranje instituta stvarnopravnog osiguranja traţbina kroz period rimske pravne povijesti, od kada se oni po prvi puta pojavljuju, uz konačnu usporedbu s onim što oni znače i jesu danas u suvremenim pravnim sustavima. Kroz rimsku fiduciju, pignus i hipoteku prikazano je napredno razmišljanje rimskih pravnika i cijelog njihovog pravnog aparata koji je iznijedrio institute kojima su ureĎivani razni aspekti pravnih odnosa što su se odvijali meĎu ljudima. Od prvih propisa u kojima su zabiljeţeni, preko poznatih rimskih pravnika koji ih tematiziraju u svojim pravnim mišljenjima, ta tri instituta su u ovome radu razraĎena prema njihovoj svrsi, značenju, djelovanju i pravnoj zaštiti, uključujući revolucionarne rimske tuţbe poput actio Serviana, actio quasi Serviana i druge. Nakon interpretacije rimskog shvaćanja navedenih instituta, rad nastavlja u smjeru velikih kodifikacija graĎanskog prava XIX. i XX. st., prvenstveno Austrije i Njemačke, čiji su graĎanski zakonici najviše utjecali na daljnje pravno sazrijevanje hrvatske interpretacije istih instituta. Kroz dio povijesti otkriva se dugotrajna veza hrvatske pravne kulture s Austrijskim općim graĎanskim zakonikom koja će razjasniti pojavu rimskih temelja u hrvatskim zakonima. Ovaj rad ima za zadaću prikazati vaţnost rimskog prava u dijelu koji se odnosi na stvaranje i primjenu instrumenata stvarnopravnog osiguranja traţbina te predočiti kolika je njegova snaga, kada se kroz dvije tisuće godina raznih promjena i napredaka kojima se svijet danas voli hvaliti, pravo zapravo uvijek vraća na svoje rimske početke.The subject of this paper is the analysis of the institute of real security through the period of Roman legal history, since when they first appeared with a final comparison with what they mean and are today. The advanced thinking of Roman jurists and their entire legal apparatus is demonstrated through the analysis of the Roman law institutes of fiducia, pignus and hypotheca. The Roman legal system brought into use institutes that regulated various aspects of legal relations that took place between people. From the first regulations in which they were mentioned, then the famous Roman jurists who thematized them in their legal opinions, those three institutes are elaborated in this paper according to their purpose, meaning, operation and legal protection, including revolutionary Roman lawsuits such as actio Serviana, actio quasi Serviana, etc. After the interpretation of the Roman understanding of the aforementioned institutes, the work continues in the direction of major codifications of civil law in the XIX century and the XX century, primarily Austria and Germany, whose civil codes had the greatest influence on the further legal development and the Croatian interpretation of the same institutes. Through part of the history, the long-term connection of Croatian legal culture with the Austrian general civil code is revealed, which will clarify the appearance of Roman foundations in Croatian laws. The task of this paper is to show the importance of Roman law in the part that relates to the creation and application of instruments of real security and to show how powerful it is, when through two thousand years of various changes and progress that the world likes to brag about today, law actually always returns to its Roman beginnings