Treatment of pain in surgical patients

Bol je sastavni dio života koji je prisutan tijekom cjelokupnog razvoja ljudskoga roda. Nastaje najčešće u ili na tijelu, a oblikuje se moždanom aktivnošću. Riječ je o neugodnom osjetnom i emocionalnom iskustvu koje je udruženo s potencijalnim ili aktualnim oštećenjem tkiva. Mnogi kirurški bolesnici u strahu su od bolova više nego od samoga operacijskog zahvata. Iako ih, zbog određene traume ili kronične bolesti trenutno boli određeni dio tijela, svjesni su da će ih nakon operacije boljeti još više i tu se rađa strah od operacije. Operacija će im pomoći na „duge staze“, ali trenutni bol je postojan, a jačina bola ovisi od osobe do osobe. Danas se bol opisuje kao peti vitalni znak. Bol se klasificira prema nekoliko kriterija: prema duljini trajanja (akutni i kronični bol), prema patofiziološkim mehanizmima (neuropatski i nocicepcijski bol), prema uzroku (maligni i nemaligni) i prema anatomskoj lokalizaciji (visceralni i parijetalni bol). U uspješnom otklanjanju bola potrebno je ozbiljno pristupiti procjeni i liječenju bola. Bol možemo procjenjivati brojnim jednodimenzionalnim i multidimenzionalnim ljestvicama koje mogu uvelike pomoći i olakšati samom kirurškom bolesniku u pojašnjenu svog osjećaja bola. U procjeni i liječenju bolova vrlo su važne intervencije medicinskih sestra/tehničara, kao i ostalih članova multidisciplinarnog tima koji zajedničkim djelovanjem smanjuju doživljaj bolesnikovih bolova i olakšavaju daljnje životne aktivnosti. Njihove aktivnosti vezane su za kontrolu bola, uključivanje i edukaciju bolesnika o tretmanu bola te komunikaciju s bolesnikom jer samo se tako može osigurati odgovarajući oporavak bolesnika.Pain is an integral part of life, which is present throughout the development of mankind. It occurs most often in or on the body, but is formed by brain activity. It is an unpleasant phisycal, mental and emocional experience that is coupled with potential or actual tissue damage. Many surgical patients are more afraid of surgery it self. They are aware although they are currently in pain (due to a certain trauma or chronic disease) that after surgery they will hurt even more and there is a fear of surgery and of all the painkillers that will play their part in recovery. Although the operation will help them in the "long run" the current pain is persistent and varys from person to person depending on their strength is, however one thing is certain, its not pleasant. Today, pain is described as the fifth vital sign. It is classified according to several criteria: by duration (acute and chronic pain), according to pathophysiological mechanisms (neuropathic and nociceptive pain), by cause (malignant and non-alloy) and according to anatomical localization (visceral and parietal pain). In order to successfully eliminate the pain, it is necessary to take a serious approach to the assessment and treatment of pain. We can determine the assessment of pain by numerous one-dimensional and multidimensional scales that can greatly help and facilitate the surgical patient himself in clarifying his feeling of pain. In the assessment and treatment of pain, interventions of nurses/technicians, as well as members of the multidisciplinary team are very important, which together action reduce the experience of the patient's pain and facilitate further life activitie. Their obligation is to control the patient's pain, to include and educate the patient about pain treatment and to communicate with the patient, because only in this way can the patient's recovery be improved