The phenology of flowering of the introducted olive cultivars in Vodnjan, Kaštel Stari and Split in 2021

Maslina (Olea europea L.) jedna je od najvažnijih mediteranskih kultura. U zadnjih desetak godina uzgoj masline i maslinarstvo je u velikom usponu u Hrvatskoj. Izrazito važan čimbenik u uzgoju masline su klimatski uvjeti, posebice temperatura i padaline. Uslijed globalnog zatopljenja dolazi do promjena u klimi, posebice na mediteranskom području, što utječe na tijek i trajanje fenofaza masline. Cvatnja je jedna od bitnih fenofaza koja je izrazito pod utjecajem klimatskih prilika. Praćenje fenofaze cvatnje je provedeno prema BBCH skali za šest introduciranih sorata masline u Nacionalnoj kolekciji domaćih i udomaćenih sorti maslina Hrvatske u Vodnjanu te u kolekcijskim nasadima Instituta za jadranske kulture i melioraciju krša u Splitu i Kaštel Starom. Osim toga provedena je analiza broja cvatova u cvatu, pojave morfološkog steriliteta te indeksa zrelosti plodova. Istraživane su introducirane sorte: 'Ascolana Tenera', 'Cipressino',' Coratina', 'Leccino' i' Pendolino'. U izračun indeksa zrelosti bile su uključene i autohtone sorte nasada u Vodnjanu: 'Drobnica', 'Istarska Bjelica', 'Kosmača', 'Levantinka' i 'Zuzorka'. Rezultati su pokazali da je cvatnja u Splitu i Kaštel Starom počela znatno ranije nego u Vodnjanu. Trajanje cvatnje bilo je 1-3 dana kraće u Vodnjanu za 'Ascolanu Teneru', 'Cipressino' i 'Coratinu'. Kasnija cvatnja u Vodnjanu posljedica je veće količini padalina u svibnju, a nešto više temperature su skratile njeno trajanje za pojedine sorte. Gotovo su se sve sorte poklapale u punoj cvatnji, na sve tri lokacije. Broj cvjetova u cvatu bio je približno isti na kod svih lokacija za 'Frantoio', 'Leccino' i 'Pendolino', dok su za ostale tri sorte postojale razlike s obzirom na lokaciju. Kod svih sorata je utvrđena pojava morfološkog steriliteta. U Vodnjanu je najveći udio imala sorta 'Cipressino' (32%), a u Splitu se istakla sorta 'Ascolana Tenera' (96%). Najmanji broj sterilnih cvjetova u Splitu i Vodnjanu imale su sorte 'Frantoio' i 'Leccino' (2-4%). Računanjem indeksa zrelosti u trenutku berbe za introducirane sorte u nasadu u Vodnjanu utvrđeno je da su sorte 'Ascolana Tenera' (IZ 1,1), 'Coratina' (IZ 1,3) i 'Leccino'( IZ 4, 0) ubrane u optimalnom trenutku (19.10.). Za sorte 'Cipressino' (IZ 3,4), 'Frantoio' (IZ 2,5) i 'Pendolino' (IZ 4,2) berba je bila prekasna. Od autohtonih sorata 'Drobnica'(IZ 2,0), 'Istarska Bjelica'(IZ 0,9) i 'Drobnica'(IZ 0,9) bile su ubrane prerano. Za sorte 'Kosmača'(IZ 2,2),'Levantinka' (IZ 1,5) i 'Zuzorka' (IZ 1,3) nije bilo podataka o optimalnom indeksu zrelosti za usporedbu.Olive (Olea europea L.) is one of the most important Mediterranean crops. In the last ten years, olive cultivation and olive growing have been on the rise in the Republic of Croatia. Climate conditions, especially temperature and rainfall, are an extremely important factor in olive cultivation. As a result of global warming there are changes in the climate, especially in the Mediterranean area, which affects the course and duration of the olive phenophases. Flowering is one of the important phenophases that is strongly influenced by climatic conditions. Flowering phenophase monitoring was carried out according to the BBCH scale for six introduced olive varieties in the "National Collection of Croatian Domestic and Domesticated Olive Varieties" in Vodnjan and in the collection plantations of the Institute for Adriatic Culture and Karst Reclamation in Split and Kaštel Stari. In addition, ananalysis of the number of flowers in bloom, the appearance of morphological sterility and the index of fruit maturity was carried out. Researched introduced varieties are: 'Ascolana Tenera', 'Cipressino', 'Coratina', 'Leccino' and 'Pendolino'. In the calculation of the maturity index, the autochthonous varieties of plantations in Vodnjan were included: 'Drobnica', 'Istarska Bjelica', 'Kosmača', 'Levantinka' and 'Zuzorka'. The results showed that the flowering in Split and Kaštel Stari started much earlier than in Vodnjan. The duration of flowering was 1-3 days shorter in Vodnjan for 'Ascolana Tenera', 'Cipressino' and 'Coratina'. The conclusion is that the later flowering in Vodnjan was influenced by a higher amount of precipitation in May, and slightly higher temperatures shortened its duration for certain varieties. Almost all varieties matched in full bloom, in all three locations. The number of flowers in bloom was approximately the same in Split and Vodnjan for 'Frantoio', 'Leccino' and 'Pendolino', while for the other three cultivars there were differences with regard to location. Morphological sterility was found in all cultivars. In Vodnjan, the variety 'Cipressino' had the largests hare (32%), and in Split the variety 'Ascolana Tenera' stood out (96%). The varieties 'Frantoio' and 'Leccino' had the lowest number of sterile flowers in both locations (2-4%). By calculating the maturity index at the time of harvest for the introduced varieties in the plantation in Vodnjan, it was determined that the varieties 'Ascolana Tenera' (IZ 1.1), 'Coratina' (IZ 1.3) and 'Leccino' (IZ 4.0) were harvested in at the optimal moment (October 19). For the varieties 'Cipressino' (IZ 3.4), 'Frantoio' (IZ 2.5) and 'Pendolino' (IZ 4.2) the harvest was too late. Of the autochthonous varieties 'Drobnica' (IZ 2.0), 'Istarska Bjelica' (IZ 0.9) and 'Drobnica' (IZ 0.9) were harvested too early. For the varieties 'Kosmača' (IZ 2.2), 'Levantinka' (IZ 1.5) and 'Zuzorka' (IZ 1.3) there was no data on the optimal maturity index for comparison