Bacterial zoonotic diseases from horses

Zoonoze su zarazne bolesti zajedničke ljudima i nekim životinjskim vrstama. Specifično za njih je da se mogu prenositi sa životinja na ljude te obrnuto. Konkretan izvor širenja zoonoza su domaće i divlje životinje. Zoonoze su globalni javno zdravstveni problem te veterinari imaju ključnu ulogu u njihovom sprječavanju, suzbijanju i iskorjenjivanju. Bakterijske zoonoze konja u ovom radu obuhvaćaju 27 bakterijskih uzročnika koji su do sada poznati kao zoonotski patogeni. Oni se prenose ingestijom, inhalacijom, ranama, ugrizima, kontaktom te preko vektora. Neki od njih se prenose samo s konja na čovjeka, dok se neki mogu dalje prenositi s čovjeka na drugog čovjeka. Najizloženiji su ljudi koji provode puno vremena uz konje, npr. timaritelji, jahači, treneri, vlasnici konja, veterinari ili ljudi koji su u kontaktu s konjskim mesom, mlijekom i iznutricama poput mesara i radnika u klaonicama. Klinička slika i patogenost ovisi od uzročnika do uzročnika, te unutar samih rodova, sojeva itd.. istih bakterijskih vrsta. Kao i kod ostalih zaraznih bolesti, najvažnija je profilaksa u sprječavanju širenja bakterija. Isto tako, važno je na vrijeme prepoznati bolest, potvrditi je dijagnostičkim metodama i krenuti s liječenjem koje se uglavnom sastoji od antimikrobne terapije, ako bakterija nije multirezistentna. Samom uporabom antibiotika potiče se razvoj otpornosti bakterija na antimikrobne tvari, a takve bakterije dalje se šire u populaciji ljudi i životinja te okolišu. Antimikrobna rezistencija jedan je od najvećih javnozdravstvenih izazova današnjice. Multidisciplinarnim pristupom, kakav je danas i podržan konceptom jednog zdravlja, može se osigurati optimalno sprječavanje pojave i širenja zoonoza te posljedično antimikrobne rezistencije. Mnoge bakterijske zoonoze još uvijek nisu dovoljno istražene i ne zna se njihov ukupni utjecaj među ljudima i konjima.Zoonoses are infectious diseases common to humans and some animal species. The specific thing about them is that they can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa. The concrete source of the spread of zoonoses are domestic and wild animals. Zoonoses are a global public health problem, and veterinarians have a key role in their prevention, suppression and eradication. Bacterial zoonoses of horses in this paper include 27 bacterial agents that are known as zoonotic pathogens. They are transmitted by ingestion, inhalation, wounds, bites, contact and via vectors. Some of them are only transmitted from horse to human, while some can be further transmitted from human to human. The most exposed are people who spend a lot of time with horses, eg. groomers, riders, trainers, horse owners, veterinarians or people who come into contact with horse meat, milk and offal such as butchers and slaughterhouse workers. The clinical picture and pathogenicity depends on the causative agent, within the genera, strains etc. As with other infectious diseases, prophylaxis is the most important in preventing the spread of bacteria. Likewise, it is important to recognize the disease in time, confirm it with diagnostic methods and start treatment, which mainly consists of antimicrobial therapy, if the bacteria is not multiresistant. The very use of antibiotics encourages the development of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial substances, and such bacteria continue to spread in the human and animal population and in the environment. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest public health challenges of today. With a multidisciplinary approach, as supported today by the concept of one health, optimal prevention of the occurrence and spread of zoonoses and, consequently, antimicrobial resistance can be ensured. Many bacterial zoonoses are still not sufficiently researched and their overall impact among humans and horses is unknown