Influence of gallic acid on calcium oxalate precipitation

Potraga za učinkovitim lijekom ili inhibitorom u procesu stvaranja bubrežnih kamenaca ima bila obećavajuća tema za istraživanje smanjenja rizika od nastanka bolesti. Međutim, suočeno je s nekoliko izazova u istraživanju najčešćih sastojaka bubrežnih kamenaca, kalcijev oksalat i njegovi hidratni oblici (COM, COD i COT). Ova studija usmjerena je na pripremu i strukturna karakterizacija (TG, XRD, FTIR, SEM) hidrata kalcijevog oksalata u prisutnosti galne kiseline (GA) i mijenjanjem radnih parametara kao što su temperatura (25 C, 36,5 C i 48 C), pH (5,6, 6,5 i 7,5) i količinu dodanog GA (u rasponu od 100 mg do 1000 mg). Odgovor površinska metodologija primijenjena je kako bi se ocijenili učinci radnih parametara u formiranje COM i COD, te za optimizaciju procesa prema maksimiziranju njihovog sadržaja uzorci. Rezultati su pokazali da GA inhibira stvaranje COM (0-100%) i pospješuje formiranje KPK (0 99%), dok su srednji pH i količina dodanog GA pokazale značajan učinak u procesu nastanka KPK. Kako bi se istražile interakcije uspostavljene u proces stvaranja i moguća adsorpcija između GA i formiranih kristala, elektrokemijski izvršena su mjerenja.The search for an efficient drug or inhibitor in the formation process of kidney stones has been a promising research topic towards reducing the risks of the formation of disease. However, several challenges have been faced in investigating the most common constituents of kidney stones, calcium oxalate and its hydrate forms (COM, COD and COT). This study focuses on the preparation and structural characterization (TG, XRD, FTIR, SEM) of calcium oxalate hydrates in the presence of gallic acid (GA) and by varying operating parameters such as temperature (25 C, 36.5 C and 48 C), pH (5.6, 6.5 and 7.5) and amount of added GA (ranging from 100 mg to 1000 mg). Response surface methodology was applied in order to evaluate the effects of operating parameters in the formation of COM and COD, and for the process optimization towards maximizing their content in samples. The results indicated that GA inhibited the formation of COM (0–100%) and promoted the formation of COD (0 99%), while a medium pH and the amount of added GA showed a significant effect in the process of COD formation. In order to investigate the interactions established in the formation process and the possible adsorption between GA and the formed crystals, electrochemical measurements were performed