Resilient wide-area multi-mode controller design based on Bat algorithm for power systems with renewable power generation and battery energy storage systems

Modern power systems consist of power electronics devices, which are used in energy conversion, especially in renewable energy sources as well as in load side to make the electricity consumption more efficient. However, these devices and their controllers could bring new challenges to power system stability, especially oscillatory stability. Apart from this, another challenge associated with renewable energy generation is the uncertainty in their power output. Hence, the integration of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) is being developed to minimise the uncertainty and variability in renewables. Furthermore, to tackle the complex dynamics and inertia-less characteristics of wind and solar power plants additional controllers such as power oscillation damping (POD) control and virtual inertia scheme are sought. Moreover, as the oscillation could originate from different locations and affect several areas in power system, utilising wide-area signals for damping control is essential. However, the primary challenges associated with the wide-area oscillation damping controller are signal transmission delay, loss of communication signal, data drops, and others. A controller that is resilient to all or most of the potential drawbacks is required. Hence, this paper proposes a resilient wide-area multi-mode controller (MMC) for solving oscillatory stability problems with high penetration of renewable power generations (RPGs) and BESSs. To get the optimal design with uncertainties, a contemporary heuristic optimisation technique called bat algorithm (BA) is used here. The practical power system of Java 500 kV Indonesian grid is used to evaluate the performance of the resilient wide-area MMC. From the results, it is found that the proposed controller effectively damp the critical mode of oscillation in the system. It is also observed that the proposed controller can tackle the problems of communication failure as well as certain damping controller failures. kata kunci: power systems with renewable power generation and battery energy storage system