The importance of human nutrition in the gut microbiota

Razni mikroorganizmi poput arheja, bakterija, gljivica i virusa nastanjuju gastrointestinalni trakt životinja, gdje su gusto naseljene bakterijske zajednice uključene u velik broj procesa u organizmu kao što su metabolizam hranjivih tvari, zaštita od patogena, održavanje strukturnog integriteta barijere crijevne sluznice i imunomodulacija. Također mnogo toga utječe na razvijanje i mijenjanje crijevne mikrobiote tijekom života, od kojih posebice izdvajamo prehranu. U svijetu se sve više širi zapadnjački tip prehrane, bogat životinjskim proteinima, zasićenim mastima, jednostavnim šećerima, a jako malo hrane biljnog porijekla; iz ovih razloga sve je više kroničnih bolesti u svijetu. Kao bolji izbor prehrane je predstavljena mediteranska prehrana koja sadržava visoki unos vlakana i drugih ugljikohidrata, bogata je mono i poli nezasićenim masnim kiselinama, visokim razinama polifenola i drugih antioksidansa, te ima veći unos biljnih nego životinjskih proteina. Svaki organizam posjeduje jedinstven sastav crijevne mikrobne zajednice te ne može jedan tip prehrane svima odgovarati, te se preporučuje prakticiranje personaliziranog pristupa, uz što rjeđe korištenje antibiotika te korištenje probiotika i prebiotika u obnovi izgubljenih dobrih bakterija.Various microorganisms such as archaea, bacteria, fungi and viruses inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, where bacterial communities form one of the most densely populated bacterial populations in the world involved in many essential processes: metabolism of nutrients, protection against pathogens, maintenance of the structural integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and immunomodulation. Also, many things influence the development and change of the intestinal microbiota during life, of which we particularly single out nutrition. The Western type of diet, rich in animal proteins, saturated fats, simple sugars, and very little food of plant origin, is spreading more and more in the world; for these reasons there are more and more chronic diseases in the world. The Mediterranean diet, which contains a high intake of fiber and other carbohydrates, is rich in mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants, and has a higher intake of vegetable than animal proteins, is presented as a better choice of diet. Everyone has a unique intestinal microbiota, and therefore one type of diet cannot suit everyone, and for this reason, personalized approach should be practiced, with the use of antibiotics as rarely as possible and the use of probiotics and prebiotics to restore lost good bacteria