Punishemnt system and suspended sentence in criminal law of the Republic of Croatia

Uvjetna osuda je kaznenopravna sankcija kojom se umjesto kažnjavanja, počinitelja kaznenog djela upozorava da je dužan poštovati pravni poredak i ubuduće ne činiti kaznena djela. Njome država privremeno odustaje od kažnjavanja dok se ne uvjeri da je ono doista nepotrebno, odnosno dok ne istekne rok kušnje ili provjeravanja. Uvjetna je osuda nastala sredinom 19. stoljeća u nekim državama SAD-a i u Engleskoj, a kasnije su je prihvatila kaznena zakonodavstva europskih zemalja pa tako i naše kazneno pravo. To je dovelo do nastanka dva modela uvjetne osude: anglosaksonskog i kontinentalno-europskog. Nastanak i razvoj uvjetne osude rezultat su razvoja ideje o individualizaciji kazne, humanizacije kaznenog prava, uočavanja postojanja sitnog kriminaliteta i opravdanosti drugačijeg tretiranja takve delinkvencije. Razvoj tog instituta u hrvatskom pravu možemo promatrati kroz četiri povijesne etape koje su obilježene donošenjem četiri važna pravna akta: Krivičnog zakonika Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1935., Krivičnog zakonika iz 1951., Osnovni krivični zakonik Republike Hrvatske te naposljetku Kaznenog zakona iz 1997. Uvjetna osuda se sastoji od izrečene kazne, vremena provjeravanja u kojem se ta kazna ne izvršava te počiniteljeva ispunjenja obveza koje mu sud odredi. Sud ju je ovlašten izreći počinitelju koji je osuđen na kaznu zatvora u trajanju do jedne godine ili na novčanu kaznu kad ocijeni da počinitelj i bez izvršenja kazne neće ubuduće činiti kaznena djela. Za izricanje mu nije potreban njegov pristanak. Dakle, do izražaja dolazi sudsko odmjeravanje kazne. Kaznenim zakonom iz 2011. uvedena je mogućnost izricanja djelomične uvjetne osude počinitelju koji je osuđen na novčanu kaznu ili kaznu zatvora u trajanju većem od jedne, a manjem od tri godine samo za dio kazne. Glavna obveza uvjetno osuđene osobe je tijekom vremena provjeravanja ne počini novo kazneno djelo. Uz tu obvezu, sud je ovlašten osuđeniku odrediti i dodatne obveze, a koje mogu biti posebne obveze i/ili zaštitni nadzor. Uvjetna osuda može se opozvati iz tri razloga: počinjenje novog kaznenog djela za vrijeme roka provjeravanja, ranije počinjeno kazneno djelo te neispunjenje određenih obveza koje je odredio sud. U KZ-u postoje dvije vrste opoziva: obligatorni (obvezatni) opoziv i fakultativni (neobvezatni) opoziv. Iako je riječ o jednom od najmlađih instituta u kaznenom pravu, uvjetna osuda u Hrvatskoj danas čini preko 80% svih izrečenih kaznenopravnih sankcija.A suspended sentence is criminal sanction that, instead of punishing, warns the perpetrator of the criminal offense that he is obliged to respect the legal order and not to commit criminal offenses in the future. By imposing it, the state temporarily waives punishment until it is convinced that it is unnecessary, that is, until the period of probation or verification expires. Suspended sentence was created in the middle of the 19th century in some states of the USA and in England, and was later accepted by the criminal legislation of European countries, including our criminal law. This led to the creation of two models of suspended sentence: Anglo-Saxon and Continental-European. The origin and development of suspended sentence is the result of the development of the idea of individualization of punishment, humanization of criminal law, recognition of the existence of petty crime and the justification of different treatment of such delinquency. The development of this institution in Croatian law can be observed through four historical stages, marked by the adoption of four important legal acts: the Criminal Code of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1935, the Criminal Code of 1951, the Basic Criminal Code of the Republic of Croatia and finally the Criminal Code of 1997. Suspended sentence consists of the imposed sentence, the probationary period during which the sentence is not served, and the offender's fulfillment of the obligations imposed by the court. The court is authorized to impose it on an offender who has been sentenced to a prison sentence of up to one year or to a fine when it judges that the offender will not commit criminal offenses in the future even without serving the sentence. A judge does not need consent for imposing that sentence. Thus, judicial sentencing comes to the fore. The 201 Criminal Law Act introduced the possibility of imposing a partial suspended sentence on an offender who was sentenced to a fine or imprisonment for a period of more than one and less than three years only for part of the sentence. The main obligation of a person sentenced to probation is not to commit a new crime during the probationary period. In addition to this obligation, the court is authorized to impose additional obligations on the convict, which may be special obligations and/or protective supervision. A suspended sentence can be revoked for three reasons: the commission of a new criminal offense during the probationary period, a previously committed criminal offense, and failure to fulfill certain obligations set by the court. In the Criminal Code, there are two types of revocation: mandatory (compulsory) revocation and optional (optional) revocation. Although it is one of the youngest institutes in criminal law, suspended sentences in Croatia today account for over 80% of all criminal sanctions impose