THE FOUNDATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF JOHN LOCKE

U ovom radu obrađuje se filozofija Johna Lockea, “oca liberalizma”. Obrađuje se njegovo kapitalno djelo političkog liberalizma, Dvije rasprave o vladi, gdje u početnom dijelu ruši “božansko pravo” kraljeva na vlast nad podanicima koji su svedeni na poziciju roblja. Locke izvodi od ideje o prirodnim, neotuđivim pravima na život, slobodu i vlasništvo kako su ta pojedinačna prava postojala prije nastanka države – država je umjetna tvorevina koja nastaje prijelazom iz prirodnog stanja u političku zajednicu uzajamnim sporazumom jednakih pojedinaca koji pristaju na nastanak države. Izvodi koncept vlasništva kao najvažnije pravo gdje se čovjek afirmira kao osoba, vlasništvo je utjelovljenje osobe, jer nasuprot pravu vlasništva, pravo života i slobode nije apsolutno jer, po Lockeu, pojedinac je vlasništvo Boga, stoga ne može ni uništiti ili prodati u roblje ono što nije njegovo. Novina u filozofiji politike jest njegova podjela vlasti gdje vlast razdvaja na zakonodavnu, izvršnu i federativnu. Uvodi moralno pravo na otpor i revoluciju ako pojedinci smatraju kako su im prirodna prava ugrožena od strane suverena. Razvija i teoriju vjerske tolerancije te postavlja zid između države i crkve. Obrađuje se i utjecaj na formiranje političkog sustava SAD-a. Prikazuje se i utjecaj na slobodarsku misao, sa naglaskom na filozofiju Roberta Nozicka.In this work, we'll cover and elaborate the philosophy of John Locke, ''the father of liberalism’’. We’ll cover his magnum opus of political liberalism, Two treatises on Government, where he breaks apart the ‘’divine right’’ that kings had over their subjects who were often reduced to the position of slaves. From the ideas of natural, inalienable rights to life, freedom, and ownership he deduces how those individual rights came to be long before countries were created – a country is an artificial creation created by transitioning from a natural state into a political union by a mutual agreement made by equal individuals who agree to the creation of that country. He deduces how the concept of ownership is the most important right, a right where a human affirms themselves as a person, ownership is the embodiment of a person because, as opposed to the right of ownership, the right to life and freedom is not absolute because, according to Locke, an individual is the property of God, therefore he cannot destroy or enslave what doesn’t belong to him. A novelty in the philosophy of politics is his division of authority where he separates authority into legislative, executive, and federative branches. He introduces the moral right to opposition and revolution if individuals feel like their natural rights are being compromised by a ruler. He also develops the theory of religious tolerance and introduces the separation of church and state. We’ll also cover his influence on the formation of the political system of the United States of America. His effect on free thinking will also be showcased, with special attention given to the philosophy of Robert Nozic