Catecholamine Detection Using a Functionalized Poly(L-dopa)-Coated Gate Field-Effect Transistor

A highly sensitive catecholamine (CA) sensor was created using a biointerface layer composed of a biopolymer and a potentiometric detection device. For the detection of CAs, 3-aminophenylboronic acid (3-NH2-PBA) was reacted with the carboxyl side chain of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa, LD) and the PBA-modified L-dopa was directly copolymerized with LD on an Au electrode, resulting in a 3.5 nm thick PBA-modified poly(PBA–LD/LD) layer-coated Au electrode. By connecting the PBA–LD-coated Au electrode to a field-effect transistor (FET), the molecular charge changes at the biointerface of the Au electrode, which was caused by di-ester binding of the PBA–CA complex, were transduced into gate surface potential changes. Effective CAs included LD, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EP). The surface potential of the PBA–LD-coated Au changed after the addition of 40 nM of each CA solution; notably, the PBA–LD-coated Au showed a higher sensitivity to LD because the surface potential change could already be observed after 1 nM of LD was added. The fundamental parameter analyses of the PBA–LD to CA affinity from the surface potential shift against each CA concentration indicated the highest affinity to LD (binding constant (Ks): 1.68 × 106 M–1, maximum surface potential shift (Vmax): 182 mV). Moreover, the limit of detection for each CA was 3.5 nM in LD, 12.0 nM in DA, 7.5 nM in NE, and 12.6 nM in EP. From these results, it is concluded that the poly(PBA–LD/LD)-coated gate FET could become a useful biosensor for neurotransmitters, hormones, and early detection of Parkinson’s disease