Movement patterns of the White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla): post-fledging behaviour, natal dispersal onset and the role of the natal environment

Exploratory movements and natal dispersal form essential processes during early life history stages of raptors, but identifying the factors shaping individual movement decisions is challenging. Global positioning system (GPS) telemetry thereby provides a promising technique to study movement patterns on adequate spatio-temporal scales. We analysed data of juvenile White-tailed Sea Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla (WTSE) in north-east Germany (n = 24) derived from GPS tracking to extensively analyse movements between fledging and emigration from the natal territory. Our goal was to determine the time point of fledging, characterize pre-emigration movements and the onset of natal dispersal while investigating the influence of the natal environment. WTSE fledged at an average age of 72 days and showed strong excursive behaviour during the post-fledging period regarding the number, distance and duration of excursions, yet with high individual variability. Excursive behaviour did not differ between sexes. On average, WTSE left the parental territory 93 days after fledging. The quantity of excursive behaviour delayed the timing of emigration and WTSE tended to postpone their emigration when foraging water was accessible within the boundaries of their parental territory. The overall results suggest that young WTSE assess the quality of the natal environment via pre-emigration movements and stay in their territory of origin for as long as internal and external conditions allow for it. Our study is one of the first to characterize post-fledging and natal dispersal movements of young WTSE to such an extent and applies modern techniques to understand related movements in relation to the natal environment. The results emphasize the urgent necessity for the extension of currently existing nest protection periods and guaranteeing sustainable management of potential breeding and foraging grounds for WTSE. Ultimately, the results are relevant for all large raptor species sensitive to human-related disturbance, as they support the increasing importance of regulations with spatio-temporal specifications for breeding populations of large raptors in densely human-inhabited areas with increasing alteration of land