Engineering optical anisotropy in nonlinear crystals with ultrafast light

Photonic technology is widely based on anisotropic (and) nonlinear materials, which allow light modulation and parametric light conversion. Because the number of naturally occurring crystals is limited, there is a growing demand for artificial metamaterials with optical properties specifically tailored to a given application. Here, we utilize the top-down method to synthesize sub-wavelength periodic nanostructures inside a uniaxial optically nonlinear crystal (lithium niobate, LiNbO3) by irradiating it with multiple femtosecond laser pulses. By superimposing form-birefringence associated with the light-induced nanostructures onto natural birefringence of the host crystal we create macroscopic domains of a biaxial metamaterial embedded into otherwise uniaxial medium.The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Australian Research Council. W.K. acknowledges support from the Qatar National Research Fund (No. NPRP12S-0205-190047). P.K. thanks the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the “Mobility Plus” scholarshi