Analysis of transcription of the Col6a1 gene in a specific set of tissues suggests a new variant of enhancer region

The region extending from -5.4 to -3.9 kilobase pairs from the transcription start site of the Col6a1 gene has been previously shown to contain sequences activating tissue-specific transcription in articular cartilage, intervertebral disks, subepidermal, and vibrissae mesenchyme and peripheral nervous system (Braghetta, P., Fabbro, C., Piccolo, S., Marvulli, D., Bonaldo, P., Volpin, D., and Bressan, G. M. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 135, 1163-1177). Analysis of expression of deletions of this region in transgenic mice has identified the 383-base pair fragment E-L as the most active sequence of the region. Linker-scanning mutagenesis analysis of segment E-J, which spans the 5' 245 base pairs of E-L and is sufficient for high frequency expression in articular cartilage, showed that all the mutations reduced transcription considerably, suggesting that the integrity of the entire cluster of elements is necessary for enhancer activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with nuclear extracts derived from various sources showed that fragment E-J binds numerous transcription factors (at least 22). These factors are present in most cells, expressing and nonexpressing alpha1(VI) collagen mRNA, but in different relative proportions, and none of them appears to be cell type-specific. Several lines of evidence indicate that sequence elements of the enhancer may have different functional roles in various cells. The data configure the -5.4/-3.9 region of the Col6a1 gene as a new type of tissue-specific enhancer, characterized by a variety of tissues supporting its activation and by the dependence of its function only on ubiquitous transcription factors. This type of enhancer is postulated to be particularly important for genes such as those of the extracellular matrix, which are often expressed with broad tissue specificity