This thesis focuses on the so-called fine-scale dynamics of the ocean spectrum, ranging from sub-mesoscale processes to the largest turbulent eddy scales leading to the direct Richardson cascade, itself ending up to molecular mixing. The properties of the ocean's water masses are partly ascribed to this irreversible mixing. While energy transfers in the direct cascade are well-known since Kolmogorov (1941)'s work, observations of the instabilities leading to those scales are few and their numerical simulation is seldom carried out, so that fine-scale dynamics constitutes a real Terra Incognita (Scotti, 2010). Improvements in efficiency of computation means and numerical models, along with new algorithms, now allow for the simulation of the ...