The research projects of this thesis are based on the applications of ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM) to the study of phase transitions in different nanomaterials. Ultrashort laser pulses are used for inducing electronic and structural transitions whose temporal evolution is studied with ultrashort electron pulses. The behaviour of individual nanoparticles is studied with high spatial and high temporal resolution to evaluate the potential of these materials as fast photoswitches at the nanoscale. In the first part of the thesis, reversible length changes of spin-crossover (SCO) nanoparticles under laser pulses are studied with nanosecond resolution. Plasmonically active gold nanorods that are embedded into the SCO particle...