Cities surprise and interest a large and long-standing scientific community of economists, sociologists, geographers and historians, in which physicists and mathematicians also have their word. Cities are surprising because they exist, which is anything but obvious and reflects the essential fact that individuals are prone to group together. Cities are interesting because they are developing to the point where they have become the primary context of human life on Earth, and understanding them properly has become a global issue. Finally, it is critical to note that cities are similar across civilizations despite the multiplicity of individualities that underlie them.The urban phenomenon and the empirical similarities between the cities of t...