Pleistocene fossil assemblages are sometimes characterized by associations of species now known to be distributed in distinct biomes. They have often been interpreted as the result of taphonomic perturbations or as a reflection of composite landscapes in which non-analogous communities of terrestrial mammals would have existed. The archeological site of Grotte XVI (Dordogne) delivered an assemblage of late Middle Paleolithic (MIS 4) consisting of high proportions of reindeer, red deer and roe deer, three ungulates whose current distributions seldom overlaps. A taphonomic and spatial analysis of bone remains is proposed for the first time to help resolve this type of issues. This study shows that in addition to cryoturbation, the bone assemb...