Degree of tapering of xylem conduits in stems and roots of small Pinus cembra and Larix decidua trees

Xylem conduits increase in size from the apex downwards. While conduit tapering in the stem has often been reported to converge towards a common pattern among all plants, information on conduit tapering in small plants and roots is extremely scarce. We selected 10 small trees (height < 3 m) of Pinus cembra L. and Larix decidua Miller along an altitudinal gradient and measured diameter and conduit dimensions along stems and roots in the last annual ring. Sections of 10 mm were cut from wooden disks taken at different heights in the stem and in the roots and then stained with safranine. Slides were observed under a microscope, the lumen areas of conduits were measured and mean hydraulic diameters (D-h) calculated. Dh increased from stem tip (Dh at 1 cm from the apex averaged 10.75 mu m; s = 2.33) to base (D-h from 20.70 to 30.54 mu m), following a power trajectory (i. e., D-h = a.L-b, with L being the distance from the tip). Such degrees of conduit tapering may have a considerable effect in minimizing the hydraulic constraints. Despite trees at the tree-line being older and smaller than in the subalpine forest (age: 28-70 years at the treeline; 18-39 years in the subalpine forest), conduit tapering did not differ significantly between sites, suggesting that tree height is the main factor controlling the basipetal increase in conduit lumens. In the roots, the increase in conduit dimensions continued towards their tips, even more steeply than in the stem. The widest conduits were measured around the root tips (around 40 mm). Conduit tapering resulted as a stable structural feature in small plants as well as in tall trees