Sex in basic research: concepts in the cardiovascular field
- Ventura-Clapier R.
- Dworatzek E.
- Seeland U.
- Kararigas G.
- Arnal J. -F.
- Brunelleschi S.
- Carpenter T. C.
- Erdmann J.
- Franconi F.
- Giannetta E.
- Glezerman M.
- Hofmann S. M.
- Junien C.
- Katai M.
- Kublickiene K.
- Konig I. R.
- Majdic G.
- Malorni W.
- Mieth C.
- Miller V. M.
- Reynolds R. M.
- Shimokawa H.
- Tannenbaum C.
- D'Ursi A. M.
- Regitz-Zagrosek V.
DOIAbstract
Women and men, female and male animals and cells are biologically different, and acknowledgement of this fact is critical to advancing medicine. However, incorporating concepts of sex-specific analysis in basic research is largely neglected, introducing bias into translational findings, clinical concepts and drug development. Research funding agencies recently approached these issues but implementation of policy changes in the scientific community is still limited, probably due to deficits in concepts, knowledge and proper methodology. This expert review is based on the EUGenMed project (www.eugenmed.eu) developing a roadmap for implementing sex and gender in biomedical and health research. For sake of clarity and conciseness, examples are ...
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