Lender of Last Resort and Bank Closure Policy

During the last decades a consensus has emerged that it is impossible to disentangle liquidity shocks from solvency shocks. As a consequence the classical lender of last resort rules, as defined by Thornton and Bagehot, based on lending to solvent illiquid institutions appear ill-suited to this environment. We summarize here the main contributions that have developed considering this new paradigm and discuss how institutional features relating to bank closure policy influences lender of last resort and other safety net issues. We devote particular emphasis to the analysis of systemic risk and contagion in banking and the role of the lender of last resort to prevent it. We argue that the financial crisis of 2007 and 2008 redefines the functions of the lender of last resort (LOLR) of the twenty-first century placing it at the intersection of monetary policy, supervision and regulation of the banking industry, and the organization of the interbank market