Elevated renal resistive index is independently predicted by older age, but not by the presence of chronic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study

Background: Renal resistive index (RRI), which reflects intrarenal arterial impedance, is routinely measured when undertaking renal Doppler ultrasonography (RDU). Increased RRI has been suggested to reflect renal parenchymal disease and imply risk of kidney disease progression. But this has been disputed and extra-renal haemodynamic factors rather than intra-renal factors have been proposed to determine RRI. Aims: To investigate the relationship between elevated RRI and presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and examine whether elevated RRI at baseline is associated with decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on follow up. Methods: This retrospective observational study examined the association of elevated RRI (\u3e0.7) with the presence of CKD (eGFR \u3c 60 mL/min for \u3e3 months), demographic and clinical factors in multivariable models. We also examined the effect of elevated RRI on eGFR decline on follow up using mixed models. Results: Of the 346 patients undergoing RDU (median age 69.7 years; 46.2% male), 180 had elevated RRI. There was a strong inverse association between RRI and eGFR at baseline, 1 and 2 years (rho = −0.53, −0.51, −0.53, all P \u3c 001). Elevated RRI was independently predicted by older age (odds ratio 3.29; 95% confidence interval 2.25–4.8; P \u3c 0.001) and diabetes (odds ratio 2.65; 95% confidence interval 1.21–5.80; P = 0.015), but not CKD using multivariate logistic regression. Decline of eGFR was not different between RRI categories on follow up. Conclusion: Elevated RRI was predicted by older age and diabetes, but not by the presence of CKD. Baseline RRI was not associated with eGFR decline