The Potential of 233U/236U as a Water Mass Tracer in the Arctic Ocean

This study explores for the first time the possibilities that the U/U atom ratio offers to distinguish waters of Atlantic or Pacific origin in the Arctic Ocean. Atlantic waters entering the Arctic Ocean often carry an isotopic signature dominantly originating from European reprocessing facilities with some smaller contribution from global fallout nuclides, whereas northern Pacific waters are labeled with nuclides released during the atmospheric nuclear testing period only. In the Arctic Ocean, U originates from global fallout while U carries both, a global fallout and a prominent nuclear reprocessing signal. Thus, the U/U ratio provides a tool to identify water masses with distinct U sources. In this work, U and U were analyzed in samples from the GN01 GEOTRACES expedition to the western Arctic Ocean in 2015. The study of depth profiles and surface seawater samples shows that: (a) Pacific and Atlantic waters show enhanced signals of both radionuclides, which can be unraveled based on their U/U signature; and (b) Deep and Bottom Waters show extremely low U and U concentrations close to or below analytical detection limits with isotopic ratios distinct from known anthropogenic U sources. The comparably high U/U ratios are interpreted as a relative increase of naturally occurring U and U and thus for gradually reaching natural U/U levels in the deep Arctic Ocean. Our results set the basis for future studies using the U/U ratio to distinguish anthropogenic and pre-anthropogenic U in the Arctic Ocean and beyond.Anne-Marie Wefing received funding from the ETH Zürich Research Grant ETH-06 16-1. Núria Casacuberta's research was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PRIMA SNF PR00P2_193091). This work was partly financed through the project PGC2018-094546-B-I00 provided by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades)