Early anthropogenic change in western Mediterranean mountains (Sierra Nevada, SE Spain)

Human impact on western Mediterranean mountains is gaining more attention, as they harbour a rich plant diversity threatened by global change. This paper presents an analysis of two pollen records from both sides of Sierra Nevada, the prime plant-diversity centre of the Mediterranean, spanning the last 5400 years. The analysis sought to answer the following key questions: When did natural systems transform to cultural landscapes? What was the intensity and extent of alterations driven by the diverse civilizations? A compilation of archaeological and paleaeoclimatic data supported this analysis, as well as a multi-proxy palaeoecological study using pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs and microcharcoal, searching for the imprint that diverse societies left on these mountains. Results suggest that human influences started earlier than expected, with a strong impact on forest cover, oriented more towards crops on the southern face and towards livestock on the northern one, whereas mining and metallurgy were initial key drivers of population dynamics. Irrigation has supported farming since at least the Islamic period. More recent anthropogenic control and land-use management have allowed a further spread of the tree cover. Proper conservation strategies need long-term perspectives, including palaeoecological studies. The preservation of traditional human activities like grazing, high-elevation cropping or irrigation systems become essential to maintain current biodiversity.Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Granada, EspañaInstituto de Historia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, EspañaDepartamento de Biología Vegetal I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, EspañaDepartamento de Geografía, Urbanismo y Ordenación del Territorio, Universidad de CantabriaEstación paleontológica Valle del río Fardes, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Españ