Land-and Skyscapes of the Camino de Santiago: An Astronomy and World Heritage Sustainable Approach

The Romanesque churches dotted along the Way of Saint James are magnificent examples of cultural heritage, and their analysis from the perspective of cultural astronomy may, in an unobtrusive manner, provide information of hitherto unexplored facets of these treasures. This study aims to examine the pilgrimage road as a communication channel and to seek possible regional variations in the Christian kingdoms of Leon, Castile, Navarre and Aragon. Seen as a whole, the Romanesque churches of our sample present two main orientation patterns: towards either the ecclesiastical and astronomical equinox or to certain Easter Sunday celestial phenomena. However, equinoctial orientations are present only in Leon and Navarre, while Easter appears with more or less significance in every kingdom. The Camino de Santiago constitutes a sacred landscape with a common heritage, with a certain degree of cultural diversity that depends on the territory. These subtle differences have surfaced only in light of archaeoastronomical investigations.This research was funded by the State Research Agency (AEI), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU), and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under grants with references AYA2015-66787-P ‘Orientatio ad Sidera IV’, PID2020-115940GB-C21, PID2020-115940GB-C22 ’Orientatio ad Sidera V’ and under the internal IAC project P310793 ‘Arqueoastronomía’ and it is part of the project EIN2020-112463, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100022033 and by the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR”.Peer reviewe