Coastal Hazards of Tropical-Like Cyclones Over the Mediterranean Sea

Medicanes, for Mediterranean hurricanes, are mesoscale cyclones with morphological and physical characteristics similar to tropical cyclones. Although less intense, smaller, and rarer than their Atlantic counterparts, medicanes are very hazardous events threatening islands and continental coasts within the Mediterranean Sea. The latest strong episode, Medicane Ianos (September 2020), resulted in severe damages in Greece and several casualties. This work investigates the oceanic response to these extreme events along the Mediterranean coasts under present-day and future (late 21st century) climate conditions. To this end, a coupled hydrodynamic-wave model is used to simulate both storm surges and wind-waves generation and propagation in the Mediterranean Sea at high resolution (∼2 km) along the coastlines. A data set of thousands of medicanes synthetically generated from 20 global climate models and two atmospheric reanalyses is used to derive the atmospheric forcing fields. Regional coastal hazards assessment is performed for the present and future climates. For the first period, highest medicane-induced waves are found in the central and the southwest part of the western Mediterranean, while greatest storm surges are found in the Adriatic Sea and regions characterized by wide and gently sloping continental shelves. Results obtained for future changes show amplitudes generally smaller than the associated uncertainty due to limited agreement among models (especially for coastal elevation). Though, model consensus is reached (60–75%) and relative intensity change is significant (10–20%) at some locations (e.g., 1 m increase of medicane-induced significant wave height on average for south coasts of Sicilia).This study was supported by the Project RTI2018-093941-B-C31 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/and by FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa. Tim Toomey acknowledges an FPI grant associated with the MOCCA project (Grant No. PRE2019-088046). Angel Amores was funded by the Conselleria d’Educació, Universitat i Recerca del Govern Balear through the Direcció General de Política Universitària i Recerca and by the Fondo Social Europeo for the period 2014–2020 (Grant No. PD/011/2019). Marta Marcos was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and la Agencia Estatal de Investigación through Grant No. IED2019-000985-I. Romu Romero was funded by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades—Agencia Estatal de Investigación through the COASTEPS project (Grant No. CGL2017-82868-R)