Interest of coffee melanoidins as sustainable healthier food ingredients

Coffee melanoidins are generated by the Maillard reaction during the thermal processes occurring in the journey of coffee from the plant to the cup (during drying and roasting). Melanoidins, the brown pigments formed as the end products of this reaction, have been reported in cascara, silverskin, spent coffee grounds, and coffee brew. The latter is one of the main natural sources of melanoidins of the daily diet worldwide. However, their presence in coffee by-products has been recently described. These complex macromolecules possess multiple health-promoting properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, dietary fiber effect, and prebiotic capacity, which make them very interesting from a nutritional point of view. In addition, they have a great impact on the sensory profile of foods and their acceptance by the consumers. The present study is a descriptive, narrative, mini-review about the nature, structure, digestibility, properties (sensory, nutritional, and health-promoting), safety and regulatory status of melanoidins from the coffee brew and its by-products with a special emphasis on the latter.The project Nuevos conocimientos para la sostenibilidad del sector cafetero was funded by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) (201970E117), Novel coffee by-product beverages for an optimal health of the brain–gut axis (COFFEE4BGA) was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-111510RB-I00), and Generación de nuevos ingredientes y alimentos beneficiosos dirigidos a condiciones de riesgo y al bienestar global de personas con cáncer colorrectal (TERÁTROFO) was funded by CDTI (IDI-20190960).Peer reviewe