A robust procedure for vessel tracking in retinal images

Purpose: We propose a new, fully automatic procedure for the extraction of the vascular structure and related features in retinal images. Methods: The procedure is based on a sparse tracking technique. Starting from a set of seed points, spread all over the image, the tracking procedure moves along the vessel by analyzing subsequent vessel cross sections (small green segments in figure). In each cross section, points belonging to the vessel are found by means of a fuzzy C\u2013means classifier, and, from these points, the algorithm extracts the vessel center, caliber and direction. When tracking stops because of a critical area (e.g. a vessel bifurcation or crossing, or an area with low contrast,), an innovative ''bubble technique'' module is run. It is able to draw and analyze multiple circular scan lines around the critical point (see figure), allowing the exploration of the region around it and thus to resume vessel tracking beyond the critical area. After the tracking step is completed, a search is run to recognize and eliminate possible false vessels, e.g. choroidal vessel segments identified as retinal vessels. Finally, to reconstruct the course of whole vessels, the sparse vessel segments are linked by a connection algorithm, taking into account similarity of caliber, direction and color of the pair of facing segments under examination. Bifurcations and crossings are then identified by analyzing specific features of vessel segments. Results: On a data set containing sixty 50\u2013degrees color images, acquired with a TRC\u201350 fundus camera, (Topcon Co., Japan), from both normal and pathological subjects, the proposed algorithm was able to recognize on average 92% (min 82%, max 98%) of the manually tracked vessel structure, extracting 88% (min 67%, max 98%) of the bifurcations and 57% (min 24%, max 94%) of the crossings. Conclusions: In our data set of images, the procedure proved effective to extract a large portion of the vascular structure and a good percentage of bifurcations and crossings. This information was used to derive in each image the position of the optic disc and other parameters of clinical significance, such as vessel tortuosity and generalized arterial narrowing