AMOC modes linked with distinct North Atlantic deep water formation sites

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a tipping component of the climate system, with a quasi-global impact. Several numerical and observational studies emphasized two modes of AMOC variability, characterized by two distinct Atlantic sea surface temperature patterns. One is associated with centennial changes, the Trend Mode, and the other with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The origin of the different manifestations of these modes it is not fully understood. Using observational data and an ocean general circulation model we present evidence that, whereas the Trend Mode is mainly linked with deep water formation in the Nordic Seas and with a North Atlantic AMOC cell centered at 50° N, AMO is related with deep water formation in the Labrador and Irminger Seas and with an overturning cell centered at 20° N. In combination with previous studies, these results imply that a main route of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration influence on AMOC passes through deep water formation in the Nordic Seas and it is reflected in a subpolar North Atlantic meridional cell