Internal social attention: Gaze cues stored in working memory trigger involuntary attentional orienting

Previous research has shown that social cues including eye gaze can readily guide our focus of attention, a phenomenon referred to as social attention. Here, we demonstrate that internally maintained social cues in working memory (WM) can produce an analogous attentional effect (N = 57). Using the delayed-match-to-sample paradigm combined with the dot-probe task, we found that holding irrelevant gaze cues in WM could induce attentional orienting. Importantly, such WM-induced attention effect could not be simply explained by the perceptual attentional process, because the identical gaze cues that were only passively viewed and not memorized in WM could not trigger attentional orienting beyond the typical time window of social attention. Furthermore, non-social cues (i.e., arrows) held in WM failed to elicit the attentional orienting effect. These findings provide new evidence for the conceptualization of WM as internally directed attention, and highlight the uniqueness of social attention as compared attention.