Effect of ATM inhibitors on the reduction of opacity.

(A) Experimental scheme. (B) Lenses cultured in medium containing 30 mM galactose for 2–4 days (upper panel). Subsequently, DMSO vehicle control was added, and lenses were incubated in galactose-containing medium for a subsequent 2–4 days (lower panel). (C) Results of 2–4 days of culture in medium containing galactose as in B (upper panel) with KU55933 dissolved in DMSO to final concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 μM and incubated 2–4 days (lower panel). (D) Results of inducing white turbidity with galactose as in C (upper panel) and a subsequent 2–4 days in galactose medium containing AZD0156 dissolved in DMSO to final concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μM (lower panel). (E) We calculated the opacity region of the lens without the inhibitor, with KU55933, and with AZD0156, and then calculated the change in opacity before and after addition of the inhibitors [13]. Data are expressed as the mean ± SE. Samples used for quantification are shown in S1 Fig.