Ultra-compact plasmonic modulator for optical inteconnects

This work aims to design a CMOS compatible, low-electrical power consumption modulator assisted by plasmons. For compactness and reduction of the electrical power consumption, electro-absorption based on the Franz-Keldysh effect in Germanium was chosen for modulation. It consists in the change of the absorption coefficient of the material near the band edge under the application of a static electric field, hence producing a direct modulation of the light intensity. The use of plasmons allows enhancing the electro-optical effect due to the high field confinement. An integrated electro-optical simulation tool was developed to design and optimize the modulator. The designed plasmonic modulator has an extinction ratio of 3.3 dB with insertion losses of 13.2 dB and electrical power consumption as low as 20 fJ/bit, i.e. the lowest electrical power consumption reported for silicon photonic modulators. In- and out-coupling to a standard silicon waveguide was also engineered by the means of an optimized Si-Ge taper, reducing the coupling losses to only 1 dB per coupler. Besides, an experimental work was carried out to try to shift the Franz-Keldysh effect, which is maximum at 1650 nm, to lower wavelength close to 1.55 {\mu}m for telecommunication applications.Comment: 235 pages, 155 figures, and 28 tables. Published version: see https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01154052, https://www.theses.fr/2014PA112353, and https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01154052. Related works: see https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.011236, https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.010070, and https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.455491. Keywords: Silicon Photonics; Plasmonics; Modulator