Co-infection in pre-treatment samples stratified by village.

(A) For the six pairwise combinations of two malaria species, the observed and expected co-infection asexual prevalence is plotted for each of the five villages. The dashed line represents the scenario where observed co-infection prevalence equals expected prevalence. The multi-coloured data points tend to fall above this line. The solid line denotes a regression model fitted through these points, with 95% confidence intervals shown in grey. (B) Observed and expected triple infection. If the prevalence of Pm is XPm, then the expected prevalence of Pf, Pv and Pm co-infection is XPf * XPv * XPm. The multi-coloured points fall above the dashed line indicating greater observed than expected prevalence. The solid line denotes a regression model fitted through these points. (C) Gametocyte co-infection. (D) Gametocyte triple infection.