Forces and torque acting on a rudder while manoeuvring

The present paper introduces a mathematical model applicable to force and torque prediction on a rudder in behind hull/propeller conditions for a ship performing manoeuvres in a harbour. The latter implies a full 360 degrees possible inflow direction to the rudder, combined with propeller rates ahead or astern. The mathematical model coefficients were derived based on a captive model test campaign performed with the benchmark container hull KCS and are being successfully applied in the ship manoeuvring simulators at Flanders Hydraulics Research. The results will internationally help model-based research on ship manoeuvring in shallow and confined water