Lungworm infection (dictyocaulosis) in ruminants - Literature review

SUMMARY The authors review the current knowledge about Dictyocaulus lungworms based on the scientific publications: their taxonomy, life history, physiology of dictyocaulosis, and management possibilities, as well. Lungworm (Dictyocaulus spp.) infection in ruminants and horse is a well known problem for livestock farmers and wildlife managers throughout the world. The reason of sporadic outbreaks of dictyocaulosis in domestic animals is not completely understood, but it has been suggested that wild animals may serve as reservoirs of the parasites. Lungworms are considered to be the most important parasites in deer (Cervidae). D. viviparus is widespread in cattle in temperate zone, while D. filaria is common in sheep and goats. There are evidences that a few Dictyocaulus species exist in wild ruminants in Europe (D. capreolus, D. eckerti, D. filaria, D. viviparus). It is often difficult to distinguish morphologically the closely related Dictyocaulus species, but molecular markers provide a powerful means to define them. Resistance to current anthelminthics is now widespread and commonplace, motivating the search for other control methods. The drug resistance in lungworms has not been established yet, however, it is possible. With increased knowledge about lungworms it is possible to find weak points in its lifecycle and hence to improve control methods