End-to-end energy efficiency evaluation for B5G ultra dense networks

Energy efficiency (EE) is a major performance metric for fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G(B5G) wireless communication systems, especially for ultra dense networks. This paper proposes an end-to-end (e2e) power consumption model and studies the energy efficiency for a heterogeneous B5G cellular architecture that separates the indoor and outdoor communication scenarios in ultra dense networks. In this work, massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technologies at conventional sub-6 GHz frequencies are used for long-distance outdoor communications. Light-Fidelity (LiFi) and millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies are deployed to provide a high data rate service to indoor users. Whereas, in the referenced non-separated system, the indoor users communicate with the outdoor massive MIMO macro base station directly. The performance of these two systems are evaluated and compared in terms of the total power consumption and energy efficiency. The results show that the network architecture which separates indoor and outdoor communication can support a higher data rate transmission for less energy consumption, compared to non-separate communication scenario. In addition, the results show that deploying LiFi and mmWave IAPs can enable users to transmit at a higher data rate and further improve the EE