Comparison of organizational models of military service in eu countries

Slovenska vojska se že nekaj let sooča s težavami pri popolnjevanju svojih vrst. Hkrati se je Republika Slovenija znašla v spremenjenem varnostnem okolju. Ob slabi oceni njene zmogljivosti se v javnosti vedno znova pojavlja ideja o ponovni obuditvi obveznega služenja vojaškega roka. Velika večina držav članic EU (Forsvaret, 2017) nima splošne vojaške obveznosti. Med predstavljenimi državami pa je služenje vojaškega roka obvezno za moške v Avstriji, na Danskem in v Švici. Norveška pa je od leta 2015 uvedla splošno vojaško obveznost za moške in ženske. V diplomskem delu smo izpostavili prednosti in slabosti obveznega služenja vojaškega roka in opredelili, če je obvezno služenje vojaškega roka smiselno ponovno uvesti. Uporabili smo deskriptivno metodo dela na podlagi literature različnih avtorjev. Empirični del temelji na deskriptivni metodi kvantitativnega raziskovanja. Pregled literature v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku je potekal v novembru 2021. Za namen izvedbe raziskave smo oblikovali vprašalnik, ki smo ga razdelili med zaposlene v slovenski vojski. Vprašalnik smo oblikovali izključno za namen in cilje diplomskega dela. Vprašalnik je sestavljen po zgledu različnih avtorjev in na podlagi pregledane literature. V povprečju so anketirani izrazili najvišji nivo strinjanja pri trditvah: »Pomanjkanje družbene podpore ob ponovni uvedbi lahko privede do izogibanja služenju in negacije potencialnih prednostih le tega.« (PV = 4,3, SO = 0,88), »Sodelovanje v multinacionalnih operacijah zahteva visoko usposobljenost in pripravljenost za hitro odzivanje.« (PV = 4,2, SO = 0,81) in »Z aktiviranjem naborniškega sistema bi se izboljšala varnostna kultura in znanje prebivalstva ravnati samozaščitniško.« (PV = 4,2, SO = 0,73). S Spearmanovim korelacijskim koeficientom smo preverjali povezanost med strinjanjem z obveznim služenjem vojaškega roka ter starostjo in delovno dobo anketiranih. Do statistično pomembne, negativne in šibke povezanosti prihaja med starostjo ter trditvijo: »Z uvedbo splošnega naborništva se bi okrepil nacionalno varnostni sistem.« (r = -0,229, p = 0,012), na podlagi česar lahko sklepamo, da se z navedeno trditvijo izraziteje strinjajo starejši anketirani. Največ anketiranih meni (n = 55, 85,3 %), da se je naborništvo v vojaški zgodovini izkazalo kot način popolnjevanja v kriznih razmerah in da bi bilo objektivno potrebno pojasniti prednosti ponovne uvedbe obveznega služenja vojaškega roka. Ronge in Abarate (2020) sta predlagala razvoj skupnega evropskega naborniškega programa, imenovanega EU Service. Vojaška služba EU bi temeljila na izmenjavi prostovoljne vojaške sile med državami članicami Evropske unije, ki bi sodelovale v programu obveznega služenja vojaškega roka.The Slovenian Army has been facing difficulties in replenishing its ranks for several years. At the same time, the Republic of Slovenia found itself in a changed security environment. With the poor assessment of its capabilities, the idea of reviving compulsory military service is constantly appearing in public. Most of the EU Member States (Forsvaret, 2017) do not have a general military obligation. Among the countries represented, military service is compulsory for men in Austria, Denmark, and Switzerland. Norway, however, has introduced a general conscription for men and women since 2015. In the diploma work, we highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of compulsory military service and defined whether it makes sense to reintroduce compulsory military service. We used a descriptive method of work based on the literature of various authors. The empirical part is based on the descriptive method of quantitative research. A review of literature in Slovene and English took place in November 2021. For conducting the research, we designed a questionnaire, which was distributed among employees in the Slovene Army. The questionnaire was designed exclusively for the purpose and objectives of the thesis. The questionnaire is modeled on various authors and based on reviewed literature. On average, respondents expressed the highest level of agreement on the statements: "Lack of social support upon reintroduction can lead to avoidance of service and negation of its potential benefits." (PV = 4.3, SO = 0.88), "Participation in multinational operations" requires high skills and readiness to respond quickly. ” (PV = 4.2, SO = 0.81) and“ Activating the conscription system would improve the safety culture and the knowledge of the population to act self-protectively. ” (PV = 4.2, SO = 0.73). Spearman\u27s correlation coefficient was used to check the relationship between agreement with compulsory military service and the age and length of service of respondents. There is a statistically significant, negative, and weak correlation between age and the statement: "The introduction of general recruitment would strengthen the national security system." (R = -0.229, p = 0.012), based on which we can conclude that this statement is more pronounced the older respondents agree. Most respondents (n = 55, 85.3%) believe that conscription in military history has proven to be a way of replenishment in crisis situations and that it would be objectively necessary to explain the benefits of reintroducing compulsory military service. Ronge and Abarate (2020) proposed the development of a joint European recruitment program called the EU Service. EU military service would be based on the exchange of voluntary military force between the Member States of the European Union participating in the compulsory military service program.