LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF INTRACRATONIC BASINS: THE CONGO BASIN A NATURAL LABORATORY

embargoed_20220924The aim of this thesis is to identify the tectonic processes that lead to the long-term topography variations of the cratonic areas that contain the memory of the past deformation. These areas are the intracratonic basins (ICBs), which are usually very large basins, characterized by long-term subsidence. Among them, the Congo Basin (CB) occupies a large part of the Congo Craton, derived from the amalgamation of different cratonic pieces. The CB is a typical intracratonic basin, due its slow and long-lived subsidence history and the largely unknown formation mechanisms. It recorded the history of deposition of up to one billion years of sediments, above a metamorphic basement, one of the longest geological records on Earth. Thus, it can be considered a natural laboratory, suitable to achieve the objectives of my thesis project. To improve our knowledge on the interplay between shallow and deep tectonic processes, which lead to the formation of the CB, I first reconstructed the stratigraphy and depths of the main seismic horizons of the basin, using geological and exploration geophysical data. The results revealed that the CB formed very probably as a failed rift in late Mesoproterozoic (about 1200 Myr) and evolved during the Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic, under the influence of far-field compressional tectonic events, global climate fluctuations, between icehouse and greenhouse conditions, and drifting of Central Africa through the South Pole towards its present-day equatorial position. These events caused the migration over time of the sedimentary depocenters within the central part of the basin (Cuvette Centrale). Afterwards, I analyzed gravity data, using the seismic data and density of sedimentary samples as constraints, in order to investigate the shallow crustal structure of the basin. The results lead to the identification of the continuity of the NW-SE oriented tectonic structures and of small basins in areas uncovered by seismic data. From the analysis of the gravity anomalies, I could further hypothesize the location of high-density crustal bodies, likely related to the extensional tectonics of the CB. Using all the knowledge acquired during the previous analyses, I tested the hypothesis of the formation of the CB as multi-extensional rift in a cratonic area, through 3D numerical simulations, based on a finite difference approach. The results reproduce the first order heterogeneities characterizing the CB basement depth, in particular a series of small basins and highs, aligned along a preferential direction, within a large topographic depression. The results of the numerical models were used to implement forward gravity models, which I compared with the observed gravity field. Such a comparison shows a similarity between the trends of the modelled and observed gravity anomalies, likely related to the density and topography variations produced by the extensional tectonics. The obtained results can be considered as benchmarks for further studies on the long-term evolutions of the continental interiors.The aim of this thesis is to identify the tectonic processes that lead to the long-term topography variations of the cratonic areas that contain the memory of the past deformation. These areas are the intracratonic basins (ICBs), which are usually very large basins, characterized by long-term subsidence. Among them, the Congo Basin (CB) occupies a large part of the Congo Craton, derived from the amalgamation of different cratonic pieces. The CB is a typical intracratonic basin, due its slow and long-lived subsidence history and the largely unknown formation mechanisms. It recorded the history of deposition of up to one billion years of sediments, above a metamorphic basement, one of the longest geological records on Earth. Thus, it can be considered a natural laboratory, suitable to achieve the objectives of my thesis project. To improve our knowledge on the interplay between shallow and deep tectonic processes, which lead to the formation of the CB, I first reconstructed the stratigraphy and depths of the main seismic horizons of the basin, using geological and exploration geophysical data. The results revealed that the CB formed very probably as a failed rift in late Mesoproterozoic (about 1200 Myr) and evolved during the Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic, under the influence of far-field compressional tectonic events, global climate fluctuations, between icehouse and greenhouse conditions, and drifting of Central Africa through the South Pole towards its present-day equatorial position. These events caused the migration over time of the sedimentary depocenters within the central part of the basin (Cuvette Centrale). Afterwards, I analyzed gravity data, using the seismic data and density of sedimentary samples as constraints, in order to investigate the shallow crustal structure of the basin. The results lead to the identification of the continuity of the NW-SE oriented tectonic structures and of small basins in areas uncovered by seismic data. From the analysis of the gravity anomalies, I could further hypothesize the location of high-density crustal bodies, likely related to the extensional tectonics of the CB. Using all the knowledge acquired during the previous analyses, I tested the hypothesis of the formation of the CB as multi-extensional rift in a cratonic area, through 3D numerical simulations, based on a finite difference approach. The results reproduce the first order heterogeneities characterizing the CB basement depth, in particular a series of small basins and highs, aligned along a preferential direction, within a large topographic depression. The results of the numerical models were used to implement forward gravity models, which I compared with the observed gravity field. Such a comparison shows a similarity between the trends of the modelled and observed gravity anomalies, likely related to the density and topography variations produced by the extensional tectonics. The obtained results can be considered as benchmarks for further studies on the long-term evolutions of the continental interiors.SCIENZE DELLA TERRA E MECCANICA DEI FLUIDIembargoed_20220924Maddaloni, Francesc