Marcadores faciais das emoções sociais: um estudo sobre a vergonha e a culpa em Portugal e no Brasil

O reconhecimento social das emoções por meio das expressões faciais envolve a habilidade de percepcionar os estados emocionais em diferentes contextos culturais e sociais, de forma a produzir implicações na vida cotidiana. Em função dessa perspectiva, o objetivo desse estudo é verificar se os marcadores das expressões faciais das emoções sociais, vergonha e culpa, são percepcionados pelos agentes educativos (professores e alunos) de Portugal e do Brasil. As emoções, vale salientar, são resultado de alterações neuropsicofisiológicas que, na atualidade, estão organizadas em dois grupos: 1) básicas (primárias ou universais), cuja função principal está ligada aos mecanismos de sobrevivência e; 2) sociais (secundárias ou aprendidas), que dependem da cultura onde o indivíduo está inserido, sendo essenciais para a regulação da vida em sociedade. No primeiro grupo, classificadas como básicas, temos as emoções alegria, desprezo, dor, nojo, medo, raiva, surpresa e tristeza, que possuem marcadores (codificações) faciais específicos. No segundo, são vastas as que abarcam a classificação de emoções sociais. Porém, para a finalidade dessa pesquisa, destacam-se a vergonha e a culpa, pelas características de cunho moral serem autoconscientes e por ainda não apresentarem marcadores (codificações) faciais específicos consensuais. Uma das diferenças entre essas duas emoções sociais, a fim de ilustrar a característica da autoconsciência é que (por exemplo), enquanto na vergonha, a autoavaliação global negativa é sobre si mesmo, na culpa está relacionada à avaliação negativa de um comportamento específico. Já sob a perspectiva da expressão facial, são raros os estudos sobre a cartografia destas duas emoções. Isto posto, essa pesquisa é de natureza aplicada, dirigida a gerar conhecimento de forma prática com abordagem quantitativa. Do ponto de vista de seus objetivos é descritiva, onde os fatos são observados, analisados, classificados e interpretados sem interferência do pesquisador. Por fim, utiliza o procedimento técnico, no qual tal processo exige o emprego de aparelhos e instrumentos de precisão para medir como os fatos ocorrem. Nesse sentido, o instrumento aplicado nesse estudo é o FREITAS-MAGALHÃES FACIAL ACTION CODING SYSTEM 4.0 (F-M FACS™ 4.0, 2021), de autoria do Professor Freitas-Magalhães, utilizado para identificar os marcadores faciais das emoções. Será empregado também o software FaceReader™ 8.1 (2020), desenvolvido pela empresa holandesa Noldus, utilizado profissionalmente para reconhecimento e análise automáticos, em tempo real, de expressões faciais. Em especial, para a coleta dos dados será utilizado o aplicativo Kahoot, disponível em https://www.kahoot.com/ na versão standard. Ainda, de acordo com a pesquisa, será utilizada tecnologia 3D e 4K para programar um avatar (Msu) no Facial Emotion Expression Lab (FEELab), em idioma português, Laboratório de Expressão Facial da Emoção, na Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FCS), da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), com os marcadores das expressões faciais vergonha e culpa de acordo com a literatura científica existente. O público-alvo é adulto, dividido em dois grupos interculturais: o primeiro é constituído de portugueses e o segundo é composto de brasileiros. Nos dois países (Portugal e Brasil), os participantes são de ambos os sexos, professores e estudantes universitários, residentes em suas nações de origem. O tamanho das amostras é de n=80 (grupo 1) e n=125 (grupo 2), o questionário utilizado contempla 10 questões, com 4 possibilidades de escolhas cada uma e tempo máximo (t=20 segundos) de exibição para cada resposta. Em relação ao reconhecimento das expressões faciais das emoções, os resultados obtidos nessa investigação indicam que as emoções sociais, vergonha e culpa têm, estatisticamente, a mesma proporção de identificação. Além disso, quando comparadas a outras emoções básicas, o comportamento também é semelhante, em especial, com dor e medo. Desta forma, espera-se que o estudo contribua para identificar se os marcadores das expressões faciais das emoções sociais, vergonha e culpa, são percepcionados pelos agentes educativos (professores e alunos) de Portugal e do Brasil. Ademais, possibilitar que outros investigadores tenham nessa investigação, uma bússola para nortear os caminhos, no que diz respeito, a cartografia das expressões faciais das emoções secundárias.Social recognition of emotions through facial expressions involves the ability to Social recognition of emotions through facial expressions involves the ability to perceive emotional states in different cultural and social perceive emotional states in different cultural and social contexts, in order to produce contexts, in order to produce implications for everyday life. Based on this perspective, the objective of this study is to verify implications for everyday life. Based on this perspective, the objective of this study is to verify whether the cues of facial expressions of social emotions, shame and guilt, are perceived by whether the cues of facial expressions of social emotions, shame and guilt, are perceived by educational agents (teachers and educational agents (teachers and students) in Portugal and Brazil.students) in Portugal and students) in Portugal and Brazil. Emotions, it is worth noting, are the result of neuropsychophysiological alterations that are currently organized into two groups: 1) basic (primary or universal), whose main function are currently organized into two groups: 1) basic (primary or universal), whose main function is linked to survival mechanisms and;is linked to survival mechanisms and; 2) social (secondary or learned), which depend on the 2) social (secondary or learned), which depend on the culture where the individual is inserted, being essential for the regulation of life in society. In culture where the individual is inserted, being essential for the regulation of life in society. In the first group, classified as basic, we have the emotions joy, contempt, pain, disgust, fear, the first group, classified as basic, we have the emotions joy, contempt, pain, disgust, fear, anger,anger, surprise and sadness, which have specific facial cues (coding). In the second, it is vast surprise and sadness, which have specific facial cues (coding). In the second, it is vast that they encompass the classification of social emotions. However, for the purpose of this that they encompass the classification of social emotions. However, for the purpose of this research, shame and guilt are highlighted, due to the moral characteristiresearch, shame and guilt are highlighted, due to the moral characteristics being selfcs being self--aware and aware and for not yet having specific consensual facial cues (coding). One of the differences between these for not yet having specific consensual facial cues (coding). One of the differences between these two social emotions, in order to illustrate the characteristic of selftwo social emotions, in order to illustrate the characteristic of self--awareness, is that (for awareness, is that (for example), while in shame, the overall nexample), while in shame, the overall negative selfegative self--evaluation is about oneself, in guilt it is evaluation is about oneself, in guilt it is related to the negative evaluation of a specific behavior. From the perspective of facial related to the negative evaluation of a specific behavior. From the perspective of facial expression, studies on the cartography of these two emotions are rare.expression, studies on the cartography of these two emotions are rare. That said, this research is of an applied nature, aimed at generating knowledge in a lied nature, aimed at generating knowledge in a practical way with a quantitative approach. From the point of view of its objectives, it is practical way with a quantitative approach. From the point of view of its objectives, it is descriptive, where the facts are observed, analyzed, classified and interpreted without descriptive, where the facts are observed, analyzed, classified and interpreted without interference from the researinterference from the researcher. Finally, it uses the technical procedure, in which such a cher. Finally, it uses the technical procedure, in which such a process requires the use of precision devices and instruments to measure how the facts occur.process requires the use of precision devices and instruments to measure how the facts occur. In this sense, the instrument applied in this study is the FREITAS--MAGALHÃES MAGALHÃES FACIAL ACTION CODING FACIAL ACTION CODING SYSTEM 4.0 (FSYSTEM 4.0 (F--M FACS™ 4.0 2021), authored by Professor M FACS™ 4.0 2021), authored by Professor FreitasFreitas--Magalhães, used to identify facial cues of emotions. The FaceReader™ 8.1 (2020) Magalhães, used to identify facial cues of emotions. The FaceReader™ 8.1 (2020) software will also be used, developed by the Dutch company Noldus, professionally used for automatic, realautomatic, real--time rtime recognition and analysis of facial expressions. In particular, for data ecognition and analysis of facial expressions. In particular, for data collection, the Kahoot application will be used, available at https://www.kahoot.com/ in the collection, the Kahoot application will be used, available at https://www.kahoot.com/ in the standard version. Also, according to the research, 3D and 4K technology will be used to standard version. Also, according to the research, 3D and 4K technology will be used to progprogram an avatar (Msu) in the Facial Emotion Expression Lab (FEELab) at the Faculty of ram an avatar (Msu) in the Facial Emotion Expression Lab (FEELab) at the Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS), from University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), with the cues of facial Health Sciences (FCS), from University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), with the cues of facial expressions shame and guilt according to the existing scientific literature.expressions shame and guilt according to the existing scientific literature. The target audience is adults, divided into two intercultural groups: the first is made up et audience is adults, divided into two intercultural groups: the first is made up of Portuguese and the second is made up of Brazilians. In both countries (Portugal and Brazil), of Portuguese and the second is made up of Brazilians. In both countries (Portugal and Brazil), the participants are of both sexes, professors and university students, residthe participants are of both sexes, professors and university students, residing in their home ing in their home countries. The sample size is n=80 (group 1) and n=125 (group 2), the questionnaire used countries. The sample size is n=80 (group 1) and n=125 (group 2), the questionnaire used includes 10 questions, with 4 possibilities of choices each and maximum time (t=20 seconds) includes 10 questions, with 4 possibilities of choices each and maximum time (t=20 seconds) of display for each answer.of display for each answer. Regarding the recognition of facial expressions of emotions, the results obtained in this facial expressions of emotions, the results obtained in this research indicate that social emotions, shame and guilt have, statistically, the same research indicate that social emotions, shame and guilt have, statistically, the same identification proportion. Furthermore, when compared to other basic emotions, the behavior is identification proportion. Furthermore, when compared to other basic emotions, the behavior is also similar,also similar, especially with pain and fear.especially with pain and fear. In this way, it is expected that the study will help to identify whether the cues of facial expressions of social emotions, shame and guilt, are perceived by educational agents (teachers expressions of social emotions, shame and guilt, are perceived by educational agents (teachers and students) in Portugal and Braziland students) in Portugal and Brazil. Furthermore, to enable other investigators to have, in this . Furthermore, to enable other investigators to have, in this research, a compass to guide the paths, with regard to the cartography of facial expressions of research, a compass to guide the paths, with regard to the cartography of facial expressions of secondary emotions.secondary emotions