The integration of sustainable transport modality policies in the parking challenge: An analysis of success and failure factors

Although the private benefits of the car are enormous, it has also brought problematic externalities such as air pollution, CO2 emissions, traffic accidents, and an inactive lifestyle. Putting an end to the use of fossil fuel-powered cars is broadly considered critical to reduce transport impacts on climate change. Using sustainable transport modalities will have an important role in meeting the international agreements created to fight climate change and improve air quality. Sustainable transport modalities can be used to replace private cars. Hence, it is important to consider widely implementing sustainable transport modality policies. The sustainable transport modalities considered in this study are walking, cycling, public transport, and shared mobility. Lowering the parking norms is desirable because oversupply of parking spaces attracts more car use and ownership. Parking norms are currently used during area development to determine the number of parking spaces that will need to be built for a particular function in a specific area. Offering sustainable transport modalities instead of car parking spaces will result in using the available area more efficiently, and contribute to a more sustainable living environment. Currently, integration of sustainable transport modality policies in parking challenges is not studied and not applied very often, and if it is applied, it is based on customization in a specific municipality. This research was conducted to address why the integration is not yet widely adopted in a standardized manner, and because currently, the starting point for area development remains the private car....Complex Systems Engineering and Management (CoSEM