Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis

Photoelectron spectroscopy started its modern development in the fifties based on techniques for studies of nuclear decay. Since then, photoelectron spectroscopy has undergone a dramatic expansion of application and is now a prime research tool in basic and applied science. This progress has been largely due to the concomitant development of photon sources, sample handling and electron energy analyzers. The present article describes some of the salient features of modern photoelectron spectroscopy and its applications with particular emphasis on energy relevant issues