'Birthday effect' on the adoption of alternative mating tactics in Zosterisessor ophiocephalus: evidence from a growth model

The pattern of somatic energy storage, measured as body lipid proportion, was investigated in the grass goby Zosterisessor ophiocephalus, by comparing the per cent lipids across three reproductive groups—large males (territory holding, caring for eggs, males), small males (sneaker males) and females—and across a seasonal phase including the entire breeding season and a post-reproductive period. Furthermore, the pattern of some indicators of somatic and reproductive investment, such as gonadosomatic index (GSI) and liversomatic index (LSI), was investigated, as well as the relationship between lipid content and fish body size was studied over time in both sexes. Results showed that the amount of somatic lipids depends largely on the different levels of reproductive investment shown by the breeding individuals. Females had the lowest levels of somatic lipids at the beginning of the breeding season when large males reached, by contrast, the highest levels. Large males showed a strong decrease in their reserves as the breeding season proceeded, and their replenishment was significantly slower than that of smaller males, which had relatively high levels already in September. Analysis of the trends of GSI and LSI revealed that the difference between females and males in the primary reproductive investment (gonadic mass) can explain most of the differences in the levels of somatic energy storage. The relationship between body size and lipid content changed over time, being positive and statistically significant at the beginning of the breeding season for each reproductive group, indicating that during these phases all the breeding individuals had accumulated energy in their tissues and that the breeding season reduced their somatic energy storage although with different intensity