Nurse counseling regarding upper respiratory tract diseases – the affect of the natural substances on the immune system and inhibition of microorganism growth

Uvod: Pri prehladu in nekaterih drugih obolenjih zgornjih dihalnih poti je zdravljenje lahko simptomatsko, še zlasti zato ker okužbo večinsko povzročajo virusi. Zdravljenje s fitofarmaki je med populacijo v Sloveniji in po svetu dobro sprejeto. Zdravilne rastline imajo poleg osnovne uporabe tudi antimikrobne lastnosti, ki jih raziskujemo tudi v tem diplomskem delu. Medicinska sestra ima vlogo pri obvladovanju okužb, zdravstveni vzgoji in promociji zdravega življenjskega sloga, saj vse to vpliva na stopnjo okužb posameznika, ožje in širše skupnosti. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi pregleda literature proučiti, kaj lahko medicinska sestra svetuje bolniku pri izboljšanju zdravja v povezavi z okužbami zgornjih dihalnih poti, ter raziskati, kako nekatere naravne substance delujejo na izboljšanje delovanja dihal in imunskega sistema ter inhibicijo rasti mikroorganizmov. Metode dela: Pri diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela. Naredili smo pregled literature iz področja antimikrobnega delovanja določenih rastlin in pregled literature v povezavi z vlogo medicinske sestre pri obolenjih zgornjih dihalnih poti. Vključeni so bili izvirni znanstveni članki, objavljeni od leta 2017 dalje. Literatura je bila iskana v podatkovnih bazah Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science in v iskalniku PubMed, v časovnem obdobju od marca do aprila 2022. V navedenih bazah smo literaturo iskali po določenih iskalnih nizih. Literatura je prikazana s pomočjo modela PRISMA. V analizo smo vključili 17 člankov. Rezultati: V raziskavah so avtorji opisovali in vitro oz. in vivo antimikrobne lastnosti pri Hedera helix, Foeniculum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum, Thymus vulgaris, Glycyrrhiza glabra in Cetraria islandica. Vpliv Primula spp. in Hedera helix so raziskovali pri odpravi simptomov zgornjih dihalnih poti. Pri rinitisih, sinuzitisih in prehladu raziskave kažejo pozitivni vpliv izpiranja nosne votline z izotonično fiziološko raztopino. Vloga medicinske sestre je bila raziskana pri zdravstveni vzgoji in spodbujanju otrok pri higieni rok, kjer so intervencije pripomogle k zmanjšanju okužb ter absentizma. Avtorji so nakazali povezavo med samoučinkovitostjo, zdravstveno pismenostjo in zdravim življenjskim slogom. Odstotek odločitve za cepljenje proti gripi je nizek. Razprava in zaključek: Pri pregledu fitofarmakov smo povzeli njihovo tradicionalno rabo, predstavili na dokazih utemeljeno lajšanje simptomov prehladnih obolenj in njihove antimikrobne lastnosti. Kot intervencijo zdravstvene nege dihal, smo v diplomskem delu predstavili izpiranje nosu z izotonično fiziološko raztopino. Naloga medicinske sestre je zdravstvena vzgoja, spodbujanje odgovornosti do zdravja, aktivno vključevanje v preventivne programe in promocija cepljenja.Introduction: For colds and some other upper respiratory tract diseases, treatment can be symptomatic, especially since most infections are caused by viruses. Phytopharmaceutical treatment is well accepted by the general population in Slovenia and worldwide. In addition to their basic use, medicinal plants also have antimicrobial properties, which are also investigated in this thesis. The nurse has a role to play in infection control, health education and the promotion of healthy lifestyles, all of which have an impact on the infection rates of the individual, the community and the wider community. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to review the literature to investigate what the nurse can advise patients to improve their health in relation to upper respiratory tract infections, and to explore how some natural substances work to improve respiratory and immune function and inhibit the growth of micro-organisms. Methods: The descriptive method was used in this thesis. We conducted a literature review on the antimicrobial activity of specific plants and a literature review on the role of the nurse in upper respiratory tract diseases. Original scientific articles published from 2017 onwards were included. Literature was searched in Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed search databases, during the time period from March to April 2022. Literature was searched in these databases using specific search strings. The literature is represented using the PRISMA model. We included 17 articles in the analysis. Results: In the studies, the authors described the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial properties of Hedera helix, Foeniculum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum, Thymus vulgaris, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Cetraria islandica. The effect of Primula spp. and Hedera helix was investigated in the relief of upper respiratory tract symptoms. For rhinitis, sinusitis and colds, research has shown the beneficial effect of nasal rinsing with isotonic saline. The role of the nurse has been explored in health education and in encouraging children to practice hand hygiene, where interventions have helped to reduce infections and absenteeism. The authors suggested a link between self-efficacy, health literacy and healthy lifestyles. The percentage of decision to receive influenza vaccination was low. Discussion and conclusion: In our review of phytopharmaceuticals, we summarise their traditional uses, present evidence-based relief of cold symptoms and their antimicrobial properties. As a respiratory health care intervention, nasal lavage with isotonic saline was presented in the thesis. The nurse\u27s task is health education, promoting responsibility for health, active involvement in preventive programmes and promotion of vaccination