Efficacy and safety of new vaccines based on DNA or RNA against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Cepljenje je eno največjih odkritij v zgodovini medicine, s katerim nam je uspelo zamejiti ali celo eradicirati veliko število nalezljivih bolezni. Razvoj cepiv je zapleten proces, ki traja več let. Pandemija covida-19 pa je prišla nenadno in popolnoma spremenila normalen ustroj življenja ljudi po vsem svetu. V zadnjih letih je razvoj cepiv napredoval s svetlobno hitrostjo, zato so bile v času pandemije prvič v zgodovini uporabljene napredne tehnologije priprave cepiv, ki temeljijo na vnosu genetskega materiala in omogočajo veliko hitrejši in učinkovitejši odziv na pandemijo. Cepiva so edino učinkovito \u27\u27orožje\u27\u27 za boj s pandemijo, zato je še posebej pomembno, da ljudi ozaveščamo na pravilen, z znanstvenimi dokazi podprt način ter tako prispevamo k zadostni precepljenosti ljudi in preprečimo veliko število smrti, pa tudi drugih posledic bolezni. Zato smo se odločili, da v tej magistrski nalogi skrbno pregledamo dostopno strokovno literaturo na temo varnosti in učinkovitosti novih cepiv ter jih primerjamo s klasičnimi. V podatkovni bazi PubMed smo določili iskalne nize, s katerimi smo dobili 158 zadetkov. S pomočjo vključitvenih in izključitvenih kriterijev smo začetni nabor zadetkov skrčili na 47 raziskovalnih člankov, ki so bili osnova naše raziskave. Ugotovili smo, da so v kliničnih študijah testirali veliko različnih cepiv, na osnovi različnih platform, mi pa smo svojo raziskavo omejili na 8 najbolj pogostih in odobrenih cepiv: klasična Covilo in CoronaVac, rekombinantno Nuvaxovid, vektorska Sputnik V, Janssen in Vaxzevria ter mRNA-cepivi Spikevax in Comirnaty. Primerjali smo rezultate varnosti in učinkovitosti, pridobljene v kliničnih študijah klasičnih in novih cepiv, in jih zbrali v preglednicah. Na podlagi tega smo ugotovili, da so cepiva, pripravljena na osnovi vnosa DNA ali RNA, v splošnem učinkovitejša, prav tako pa tudi varnejša, zato predstavljajo pomemben napredek na področju vakcinologije, vse študije njihove masovne uporabe pa bodo prispevale k odkritju novih terapij za najrazličnejše bolezni, za katere še ne poznamo terapij, ena izmed njih je tudi rak.Vaccination is one of the greatest discoveries in the history of medicine, which has allowed us to contain or even eradicate a wide range of infectious diseases. Developing a vaccine is a complex process that takes several years. However, the Covid 19 pandemic came suddenly and completely changed the normal structure of people\u27s lives around the world. In recent years, vaccine development has advanced at the speed of light, so that for the first time in history, advanced technologies have been used to develop vaccines to provide a much faster and more effective response to a pandemic. Vaccines are the only effective "weapon" in the fight against the pandemic. Therefore, it is especially important to raise awareness in the right way, relying on scientific evidence to ensure that enough people get vaccinated and that a high number of deaths and other disease outcomes are prevented. Therefore, in this master\u27s thesis, we decided to carefully review the available literature on the safety and efficacy of new vaccines and compare them to conventional vaccines. We determined the search queries in the PubMed database, which provided us with 158 results. Using inclusion and exclusion criteria, we reduced the initial set of hits to 47 research articles, which formed the basis for our research. We noted that many different vaccines had been tested in clinical trials based on different platforms and limited our search to the 8 most common and approved vaccines: the classical inactivated vaccines Covilo and CoronaVac, the recombinant vaccine Nuvaxovid, the vector vaccines Sputnik V, Janssen, and Vaxzevria, and the mRNA vaccines Spikevax and Comirnaty. We compared the results obtained in clinical trials on the safety and efficacy of conventional and new vaccines and compiled them in tables. On this basis, we found that DNA- or RNA-based vaccines are generally more effective, but also safer, and therefore represent an important advance in vaccinology. Any studies on their mass use will contribute to the discovery of new therapies for various diseases for which no therapies are yet known, including cancer