Polyphenolic extracts from fruit and vegetables with an inhibitory effect on the action of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes

Diabetes tipa 2 je ena najhitreje rastočih bolezni v svetovnem merilu, zato se na področju nadzorovanja bolezni in njenega preprečevanja opravlja veliko raziskav.Poznamo veliko mehanizmov, s katerimi lahko uravnavamo nivo glukoze v krvi in preprečujemo hiperglikemijo. Mednje sodijo: zakasnjen in/ali zmanjšan privzem glukoze iz prebavnega trakta, okrepitev inkretin efekta (skupina hormonov, ki sproži produkcijo inzulina) in povečanje izločanja inzulina. Na trgu je dostopnih veliko sintetičnih zdravil, ki učinkovito prispevajo h kontroli glukoze v krvi, vendar imajo večinoma veliko stranskih učinkov. Zato se v zadnjih letih posveča velika pozornost snovem, ki so v prehrani ljudi že naravno prisotne in imajo podoben učinek kot sintetična zdravila. Razgradnjo škroba do glukoze katalizirata dva glavna hidrolitična encima, in sicer α-amilaza in α-glukozidaza. Eden izmed načinov znižanja nivoja glukoze v krvi je zmanjšanje delovanja teh dveh encimov. Ob pregledu literature sem naletel na veliko opravljenih raziskav na temo ekstraktov iz sadja in zelenjave z zaviralnim učinkom na delovanje encimov α-amilaze in α-glukozidaze. Odločil sem se, da bom za vsako sadje in zelenjavo povzel po en članek. V splošnem so polifenolni ekstrakti iz sadja ne glede na postopek obdelave izkazali večjo inhibitorno sposobnost kot ekstrakti, pridobljeni iz zelenjave. Večjo inhibitorno sposobnost so izkazali tudi ekstrakti iz temneje obarvanega sadja in zelenjave v primerjavi z svetleje obarvanimi.Type 2 diabetes is one of the fastest-growing diseases in the world, so a lot of research is being done in the field of disease control and prevention. We know many mechanisms by which we can regulate blood glucose levels and prevent hyperglycemia. These include: delayed and/or reduced gastrointestinal glucose uptake, increased incretin effect (a group of hormones that triggers insulin production), and increased insulin secretion. Many synthetic drugs are available on the market that are effective in providing blood glucose control, however they might cause several side effects. Therefore, in recent years, much attention has been paid to substances that are already naturally present in human diet and have effects similar to synthetic drugs. Starch to glucose breakdown is led by two main hydrolytic enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. One way to lower blood glucose is to reduce the action of these two enzymes. While reviewing the literature, I came across a lot of research on the topic of fruit and vegetable extracts with an inhibitory effect on the action of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. I decided to summarize one article for each fruit and vegetable. In general,polyphenolic extracts from fruits, regardless of the treatment process, showed a higher inhibitory capacity than extracts obtained from vegetables. Extracts from darker coloured fruits and vegetables also showed greater inhibitory ability compared to less coloured ones