Overview of Physical Activity Guidelines in Pregnancy With Regard to Sports and Health Problems of Women

Namen magistrskega dela je bil predstaviti smernice za telesno dejavnost med nosečnostjo. Pregledali smo obstoječo slovensko in tujo literaturo na to temo ter smernice predstavili ločeno glede na športno zvrst in pridružene zdravstvene težave žensk. Magistrsko delo je monografskega tipa. Predstavili smo anatomske, fiziološke in psihološke spremembe v nosečnosti, ki jih moramo upoštevati pri sestavi vadbenega programa za nosečnico. Ugotovili smo, da ima telesna dejavnost med nosečnostjo veliko koristi za vse ženske, saj obstajajo primerne vrste telesne dejavnosti tudi za nosečnice, ki pred zanositvijo niso bile telesno aktivne. Telesna dejavnost z ustrezno pogostostjo, intenzivnostjo in trajanjem pozitivno vpliva na počutje nosečnice in ploda ter nima negativnega učinka na potek nosečnosti in poroda. Med primerne telesne dejavnosti vključujemo zlasti hojo, plavanje, aerobiko na kopnem in v vodi, pilates, jogo in sobno kolesarjenje. Pri telesnih dejavnostih, kot so ekipni športi, smučanje, drsanje, cestno kolesarjenje in potapljanje, pa je potrebna dodatna prilagoditev oz. prekinitev tovrstne telesne dejavnosti. Ugotovili smo, da je telesna dejavnost med nosečnostjo varna, ko je individualno prilagojena vsaki posameznici glede na njeno počutje in zdravstveno stanje ter stopnji telesne dejavnosti, ki jo je ženska izvajala pred zanositvijo. Nosečnica, ki ima pridružene zdravstvene težave, kot so hipertenzija, nosečniška sladkorna bolezen in debelost, je lahko telesno dejavna, nujen pa je posvet z zdravnikom. Priporočljivo je, da nosečnica vadbeni program izvaja pod nadzorom zdravstvenega in športnega strokovnjaka, ki pozna kontraindikacije za vadbo. Telesna dejavnost se med nosečnostjo lahko izvaja vsak dan v tednu, potrebno pa je postopno povečevanje intenzivnosti in obsega. Nosečnica naj izvaja telesne dejavnosti, pri katerih uživa, ves čas pa mora biti pozorna na svoje počutje in med vadbo poslušati svoje telo. Magistrsko delo je uporabno za vse športne in zdravstvene strokovnjake, ki se pri svojem delu srečujejo z nosečnicami, pa tudi za vse nosečnice, ki ne vedo, kakšno in koliko telesne dejavnosti lahko vnesejo v svoje življenje v obdobju nosečnosti.The purpose of this master\u27s thesis was to present the guidelines for physical activity during pregnancy. The relevant Slovenian and foreign literature were reviewed, and the guidelines were presented independently according to the type of sport and associated health problems of women. The master\u27s thesis is monograph-based. We presented the anatomical, physiological, and psychological changes in pregnancy that must be considered when designing an exercise program for pregnant women. It was discovered that physical activity during pregnancy is beneficial for all women, as there are certain types of exercises suitable also for pregnant women who were not physically active before the pregnancy. Physical activity with the appropriate frequency, intensity and duration has a positive effect on the well-being of the pregnant woman and the fetus as well as no negative effect on the course of pregnancy and childbirth. Suitable physical activities include walking, swimming, land or water aerobics, Pilates, yoga, and indoor cycling. Physical activities, such as team sports, skiing, skating, road cycling and diving, require additional adjustment or suspension of this type of physical activity. We established that physical activity during pregnancy is safe when it is individually tailored to the women’s well-being and health condition as well as the level of physical activity before their pregnancy. A pregnant woman who has associated health problems such as hypertension, gestational diabetes, and obesity can be physically active, however, a doctor’s consultation is essential. It is recommended that a pregnant woman perform the exercise program under the supervision of a health and sports professional who is familiar with the contraindications to exercise. Physical activity can be performed every day of the week during pregnancy, yet it is necessary to increase the intensity and amount gradually. A pregnant woman should perform physical activities that she enjoys, and she should always pay attention to her well-being and listen to her body during exercise. This master\u27s thesis is useful for all sports and health professionals who work with pregnant women, as well as for all pregnant women who are not familiar with the type and the amount of physical activity that they can engage in during pregnancy