The pancreas is an accessory gland of the digestive system. It fulfils two functions, exocrine and endocrine. The exocrine compartment (95-99%) consists of acinar and ductal cells producing and secreting enzymes involved in food digestion. The endocrine part is organized in cell clusters scattered throughout the exocrine parenchyma called islet of Langerhans (1-5%). In humans, islets contain five hormone-releasing cell types: • • α-cells secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels, • • β-cells secrete insulin in response to high circulating glucose levels, • • δ-cells secrete somatostatin, which modulates insulin and glucagon release, • • γ-cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PPY), which regulates both endocrine and exocrine ...